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Post Classical

Post Classical. 500 CE to 1000 CE. Byzantium and Eastern Europe. Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Diocletian splits empire (284-305 C.E.) Attempted to make administrative issues more efficient Constantine moves capital to Byzantium City renamed Constantinople

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Post Classical

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  1. Post Classical 500 CE to 1000 CE

  2. Byzantium and Eastern Europe

  3. Fall of the Western Roman Empire • Diocletian splits empire (284-305 C.E.) • Attempted to make administrative issues more efficient • Constantine moves capital to Byzantium • City renamed Constantinople • western Roman empire collapses 476 C.E. • Internal issues/Germanic invasions • Eastern part will survive for another 1000 years

  4. The Byzantine Empire – under Justinian

  5. Statebuilding • Highly centralized state • Caesaropapism • Justinian 527-565 C.E and Theodora • Rebuilt Constantinople, including Hagia Sophia • The Body of the Civil Law • Dealt with prolonged sieges of Constantinople • Byzantium & Western Europe: • ecclesiastical and political tensions

  6. Justinian

  7. Society • Byzantine society reorganized • Provinces (themes) under generals • Armies of free peasants helped agricultural economy • Urban life • Voluntary class segregation • Hippodrome • Chariot races most popular; Greens and Blues rivalry • Hippodrome

  8. Economy • Large agricultural economy • Industry and trade • Constantinople was major site to industry • Glass, linen, textiles, gems, jewelry, and • Silk • Banks and partnerships supported commercial economy • Revived Western role within Silk Road

  9. Culture • Official language went from Latin to Greek • State-organized school system trained workforce • Primary education: reading, writing, grammar • Later education: classical Greek, literature, philosophy, science • Preserved and transmitted Greek thought to later cultures

  10. Religion • Council of Nicaea 325 C.E • Iconoclasm controversy • Greek philosophy applied to Byzantine theology • Monasticism origins in early Christian ascetics • St. Basil of Caesarea 329-379 C.E • Monks/nuns • Provided social services to the community

  11. Religion • Constantinople & Rome • strains mirrored political tensions • Ritual and doctrinal differences • Split in 1054 • Eastern Orthodox versus Roman Catholic

  12. Interaction w/ Slavs • Began in 6th century • Slavs came from Southwestern Russia • Missions to the Slavs • Saints Cyril and Methodius • Cyrillic Alphabet • Education and religion tied together, led to more conversions

  13. Emergence of Russia Kiev • located on Dneiper River • conduit for spread of Byzantine culture and religion • Prince Vladamir, 989 CE • Cyrillic writing, literature, Orthodox missions spread Byzantine culture and art • caesaropapist control of Russian Orthodox church

  14. Byzantine Decline Domestic/Internal problems • new elite class challenged imperial power • Peasant class was declining External Problems • Western Europe took parts of Byzantium • Crusaders sacked Constantinople (1204) • Muslim Saljuq Turks at Manzikert, 1071 • Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453

  15. Kiev, Russia

  16. Western Europe 500 CE to 1000 CE

  17. Population Growth of Europe, 200-1000 CE

  18. Drop until 600 CE due to diseases constant invasions Population

  19. Successor States to the Roman Empire c. 500

  20. Disruption of Western Europe • Fall of Western Roman Empire by Germanic Migrations • Loss of centralized rule, common language • Drop in population • Germanic successor states: • Spain: Visigoths • Italy: Ostrogoths • Gaul (France): Burgundians, Franks • Britian: Angles, Saxons

  21. The Franks • Most influence on European development • Strong agricultural base • Shifts center of economic gravity to Europe • Firm alliance with western Christian church • Most powerful military and political power; Franks establish themselves as preeminent Germanic people

  22. Major Frankish leader Paganism, Arian Christianity popular among Franks Germanic people were polytheistic Clovis and army chooses Roman Catholicism Big part to due with Frankish power Political implications: Alliance with Roman Catholic Church Clovis (ruled 481-511)

  23. The Carolingians • Carolingian family succeeds Clovis as a dynasty • Defeats Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours in 732 C.E. • Halts Islamic advance into western Europe and spread of Al-Andulus

  24. The Carolingian Empire

  25. Centralized imperial rule Could not afford a large bureaucracy Functional illiterate but… sponsored extensive scholarship Spoke Latin and Greek Expansion Imperial officials: missidominici Continued yearly circuit travel Statue at Aachen, Germany Charlemagne (r. 768-814)

  26. Charlemagne as Emperor • Ruled as an emperor, yet hesitant to take title “emperor” • Did not want to threaten Byzantines • Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor in 800 C.E. • Surprised Charlemagne • Challenge to Byzantium

  27. Coronation of Charmlemage by Raphael, 1500s

  28. Decline Internal External • Son of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, lost control of courts, local authorities • Civil war erupts between three sons • Empire divided in 843 • South: Muslims • East: Magyars • North: Vikings • Norse expansion begins c. 800 CE • Driven by population pressure, hostility to spread of Christianity • Superior seafaring technology • Sailed to eastern Canada, northeastern US

  29. Decline of Carolingian Empire

  30. From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”) Boats could travel at sea or rive Traded w/ slavs, Byzantines via Dneiper River Constant threat to Europe Constantinople sacked three times Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses The Vikings

  31. England • Viking invasions force consolidation of Angles, Saxons and other Germanic peoples • King Alfred (r. 871-899) • Built navy to challenge Vikings • Fortified cities against attack

  32. King Otto of Saxony (r. 936-973) defeats Magyars, 955 Proclaimed emperor by Pope in 962 Establishment of Holy Roman Empire Germany

  33. Post Carolingian France Local authorities ruled France endures heavy Viking settlement Situation encouraged decentralized rule Formation of first dynasty in 987 C.E.; Hugh Capet France

  34. Concept of Feudalism Refers to political and social order Lords and vassals Local nobles take over administration from weak central government Early Society

  35. Feudalism • Incentives for this relationship • land grants, income from mills, cash payments in exchange for military service • Formation of hereditary class • Rights were passed on to heirs • Complex interrelationships • Also provided for.. • Public works projects • Court system • Police force • Potential for instability

  36. Slaves, free peasants in both Roman and Germanic societies Mid-7th century: recognition of serf class Midway between slave and free peasant Origins of Serfdom

  37. Serfs’ Rights and Obligations • Right to pass on land to heirs • Owed obligations to lord • Obligations • provide labor • payments in kind to lord • Unable to move from land • Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord

  38. Manors • Large, diverse estates, very populated • Lord provides • governance • police • justice services • Serfs provide • Labor • Income • Had everything a city would have

  39. European Society • Lacked urban areas compared to Roman Empire • Almost entirely rural

  40. The Economy of Europe • Agricultural center moves to France from Mediterranean • Boosted agricultural production by • Increased amount of land for farming: the manor • Introduced new tools • Technology • Water mill, animal breeding, iron plow • output insufficient to support growth of urban areas

  41. Maritime Trade • Strong Mediterranean trade despite Muslim domination of sea • Sailors were mostly from Spain and Italy • Norse or Viking Merchant Mariners • Commerce or plunder as convenient to them • Traded w/ Abbasid and Byzantine Empires

  42. The Beginning • Clovis’ conversion forms strong alliance with Roman Christianity • Church supplies Clovis with class of literate information workers: • Scribes • secretaries

  43. The Franks and the Church • Protectors of the Papacy • Charlemagne destroys Lombards, who threatened Pope and Rome • Spreads Christianity in northern areas of Europe • Support of scholarship, scribal activity

  44. The Spread of Christianity • Charlemagne fights pagan Saxons (772-804) • Saxons later adopt Christianity • By 1000 CE, most people were accepting Christianity

  45. Christian Europe

  46. Pope Gregory I (590-604 CE) Greatest influence on church, known as Gregory the Great Asserted papal primacy Pope is ultimate authority in church Prominent theologian Sacrament of penance (confession) Missionary work most significant was England The Papacy

  47. Originated in Egypt Large variety of monastic rules Range from extremely ascetic to very relaxed St. Benedict (480-547) Established consistent rule for monasteries Poverty, Chastity, Obedience St. Scholastica (482-543) Sister of St. Benedict Adapts Benedictine Rule for convents Monasticism

  48. Monasticism and Society • Accumulation of large landholdings, serfs • Provided social services • labor contributions • Inns • Orphanages • Hospitals • schools

  49. Abbey at Monte CassinoBuilt by St. Benedict, restored after WWII

  50. Church Hegemony • Roman Church ultimately led to • Influencing leadership from Pope • Cultural unity throughout Western Europe • Shaped cultural values

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