Objective 3…TAKS 10 th and 11 th grades Home slide

1. Objective 3…TAKS 10th and 11th grades Home slide Home Questions from TAKS regarding ecology: Questions from TAKS regarding evolution: Questions from TAKS regarding bacteria/virus Interactive “non-TAKS” quizzes on the internet Link to 10th grade study guide Scroll to p.281 for objective 3 Link to 11th grade study guide Scroll to p.324 for objective 3

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3. Home Ecology Back to ecology • Go to: Trophic levels of webs, chains, pyramids • Go to: Energy transfers • Go to: Recycling of matter • Go to: Relationships • Go to: Biomagnifications

4. Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer producer In this food chain, the spiders are — A producers B primary consumers C competitors D secondary consumers Home Back to ecology 51

5. Home Back to ecology Grass →White-tailed deer → Mountain lions → Vultures Which population in this food chain is most likely to have the greatest biomass? A Grass B White-tailed deer C Mountain lions D Vultures

6. Home Back to ecology According to this food web, which of these is an omnivore? F Caterpillar G Mouse H Ant J Fly larva Just eating corn. Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Arrows point “to” the eater. Just eating corn and grass Just eating corn and grass and caterpillars Just eating birds and caterpillars 28

7. Which organisms in this food web can be described as both primary and secondary consumers? F Hawks G Weasels H Raccoons J Mice Back to ecology Secondary consumers eat herbivores. Home Primary consumers are HERBIVORES 30

8. 51 In this food web, the bacteria probably function as — A producers B herbivores C decomposers D carnivores Home Back to ecology Bacteria are eating grasshoppers, mice, weasels. Plants Plant EATERS An omnivore that eats the dead. Animal EATERS 51 Bacteria are eating opossum, grass and quail.

9. Home Back to ecology Which organisms are both secondary and tertiary consumers in this partial desert food web? A Hawk and snake B Lizard and wood rat C Termite and hawk D Snake and lizard

10. Home Back to ecology Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they — A both live on land B are both large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have similar hunting patterns Trophic levels do not include home/habitat. Trophic levels have nothing to do with classification or nomenclature. Animals in the same trophic level defines that they eat of the same trophic level below. You don’t have to hunt in a similar way to be in the same trophic level. 39

11. Home Back to ecology The marine ecosystem represented above is able to thrive with a small autotroph biomass because — A autotrophs reproduce rapidly B first-order consumers are small C second-order consumers are rare D third-order consumers eat very little

12. In this food pyramid, which level contains the greatest amount of energy? A Tertiary consumers B Secondary consumers C Primary consumers D Producers In a given area: The sum of the calories in all of the top predators’ bodies is least. The sum of the calories in all of the producers’ bodies is greatest. Units of energy are calories and joules. Home Back to ecology 13

13. Producers are always at the bottom, then herbivores above the plants. Home Back to ecology A food pyramid represents the relative amount of energy in trophic levels. Which of the following correctly shows a food pyramid?

14. Home Back to ecology The table lists four groups of factors found in a particular ecosystem. Which group consists of only abiotic factors? F Group 1 G Group 2 H Group 3 J Group 4 Abiotic means “not alive.”

15. Home Back to ecology Sugar is chemical energy. It has calories and joules. Which of the following is an example of solar energy being converted into chemical energy? F Plants producing sugar during the day G Water evaporating and condensing in the water cycle H The sun unevenly heating Earth’s surface J Lava erupting from volcanoes for many days

16. Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by — F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide Home Back to ecology Producers are plants. 18

17. Home Back to ecology The difference in the size of each layer of this food pyramid is primarily the result of the difference in — F food choices of individual niches G oceanic zones of habitat H the amount of food energy at each trophic level J the relative heights of the organisms In a given area: The sum of the calories in all of the top predators’ bodies is least. The sum of the calories in all of the producers’ bodies is greatest. Units of energy are calories and joules. 34

18. Which process best shows the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy? F Prevailing winds causing windmills to spin G Green plants making their own food H Uranium producing heat to make steam J Tides generating electricity Home Back to ecology Plants use the sun more efficiently than anything known to mankind. 14

19. In West Texas and Southern California, high winds drive turbines that generate electricity. One advantage that wind energy has over energy generated from solar cells is that wind energy — A is plentiful everywhere B can be generated at night C produces cleaner energy D is free of environmental hazards Home Back to ecology 45

20. Home Back to ecology Carnivore eats 500 but only keeps 50. 90% is lost as heat from the carnivore. 50 kilocalories kept. Herbivore eats 5000 but only keeps 500. 90% is lost as heat from the herbivore. 500 kilocalories kept. Plants absorb a lot of kcal from the sun. They retain some of the kcal. 5000 kilocalories kept.

21. He ate 1000 kcal He ate 30 kcal Back to ecology Producers He kept 100 kcal The other 4000 kcal were eaten by something else. He kept 3 kcal Primary consumer The other 70 kcal were eaten by something else. Secondary consumer Approximately how much of the energy available in the tissues of the producer is eventually incorporated into the tissues of a secondary consumer? A Less than 1% B Between 20% and 30% C Approximately 50% D More than 50% 3 ÷ 5000 x 100 = .06% Home 43

22. Home Back to ecology Battery-powered cars produce less air pollution than gasoline-powered cars. However, one environmental concern of using battery-powered cars is that batteries — A are heavier than gasoline engines B waste more energy than gasoline engines C contain toxic substances that are difficult to dispose of D produce direct current rather than alternating current

23. Home Back to ecology Batteries produce electricity by means of a chemical reaction. Some batteries are disposable. The reactants of a disposable battery are eventually used up. At that point the battery is dead and can no longer be used. Other batteries are rechargeable. A rechargeable battery can be inserted into a device that uses electric current to convert the products of the reaction back to the reactants. As a result, a rechargeable battery can be used over and over again. What is an advantage of rechargeable batteries over disposable batteries? A Rechargeable batteries have a lower initial purchase price. B Rechargeable batteries produce a stronger electric current. C Rechargeable batteries result in less pollution of the environment. D Rechargeable batteries convert chemical energy directly to electricity.

24. Home Which of these describes a pollution-producing process that involves only a physical change? A Coal with a high sulfur content is burned, producing gases that cause acid rain. B Chlorofluorocarbons are released, changing ozone in the upper atmosphere into oxygen. C Hot wastewater is discharged into a lake, lowering oxygen levels in the water. D Nitrogen oxide emissions combine with water vapor, producing nitric acid. Back to ecology Normal environment Coal + S + Oxygen → CO2 + SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 Hot water is added to a river or lake. Warmed Oxygen O2 bubbles to atmosphere. O3→ O2 + O1 with the Thermal pollution causes a physical change. NO2 + H2O → HNO3 Decrease in dissolved oxygen causes fish kill. 31

25. The diagram shows physical changes that occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows condensation? A Q B R C S D T Home Back to ecology Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Runoff 21

26. Home Back to ecology Tropical rain forests support the most-diverse plant communities on Earth. This biome has developed in regions near the equator that are characterized by abundant precipitation and the absence of freezing temperatures. The consistently warm to hot weather and abundant moisture promote rapid chemical weathering and the decay of organic matter. These processes produce thick, nutrient-poor soils. Plants play a significant role in tropical rain forests by — A producing thick soils that promote the decay of organic matter B preventing erosion and allowing nutrients to accumulate in the soil C holding most of the available nutrients within their biomass D providing insulation and trapping heat that contributes to the high annual temperatures

27. Which of these activities can help conserve natural resources? F Recycling cardboard boxes G Washing small loads of laundry H Driving large cars J Building wooden fences Home Back to ecology 54

28. Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? F Fewer prey G A reduction in competition H More parasites J A period of drought Home Back to ecology Fewer prey decreases predators. If there are fewer hawks, there are more eagles. More parasites to eagles means fewer eagles. Less rain = less plants = less prey = less predators. 24

29. Home Back to ecology A person living near this pond wants to reduce the mosquito population. The mosquito population included in this food web could be reduced by — A planting more duckweed B catching more minnows C removing some martin houses D adding more shelter for frogs To kill mosquitoes, you get more mosquito predators. 7

30. Home Back to ecology Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless plants that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get their nourishment from the roots of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as — A predatory B parasitic C commensalistic D mutualistic

31. Home A hummingbird feeds on the nectar of a flowering plant. In this process the bird gains nutrition while spreading the plant’s pollen to other flowers. The relationship between hummingbirds and flowering plants can be described as — F commensal G predatory H parasitic J mutualistic Back to ecology Commensal means neither are harmed but only one gets a benefit. Flower gets pollinated, bird gets food. Neither is harmed. 44

32. Home If you want to keep a population under control, allow its predators and parasites to be around the pest. After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) became established throughout much of the southern United States. One biological way to control fire ants might be to introduce organisms that are — A mutualistic with fire ant queens B nurtured by fire ant workers C preyed on by fire ant drones D parasitic to fire ant larvae Back to ecology 19

33. Back to ecology Like most invasive species, fire ants have successfully migrated into new territories because of — A genetic drift B advantageous coloration C lack of population control D mutation of genes

34. Home Back to ecology Which of these would make a species most susceptible to extinction? ●Few natural predators. ●Extreme specialization. ●Short growth cycles. ●Extensive migration distances. If bamboo goes extinct, then so does the Panda because it is specialized to eat only bamboo.

35. Which situation best represents a mutualistic relationship? A A tapeworm absorbing nutrients from the intestine of a dog B An orchid being pollinated by a nectar collecting wasp C A human losing blood to a feeding mosquito D An armadillo rooting in the soil at the base of an oak tree Home Back to ecology Parasitic Mutualism--   both species benefit Commensalism--   one species benefits, the other is unaffected Parasitism--   one species benefits, the other is harmed Competition--   neither species benefits Neutralism--   both species are unaffected Parasitic Commensalism 17

36. Home Back to ecology Which of the following is an example of mutualism? ● a wasp injects its eggs inside the body of a caterpillar. The eggs hatch and eat the caterpillar. ●A bird builds a nest in a tree. ●A human uses a dog to protect a flock of sheep. The dog is given food and shelter. ●A flower grows next to a bush.

37. Home Back to ecology This relationship is an example of — A predation B parasitism C mutualism D commensalism The tree is not being killed and totally consumed (eaten.) The ants are not hurting the tree. The ants are benefiting and the tree is benefiting. 33 Commensalism is when only one species benefits, neither harmed.

38. Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of — A neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism Home Back to ecology Mutualism--   both species benefit Commensalism--   one species benefits, the other is unaffected Parasitism--   one species benefits, the other is harmed Competition--   neither species benefits Neutralism--   both species are unaffected 35

39. Home Back to ecology An oakworm caterpillar feeds on the leaves of an oak tree. This type of interaction is — F mutualistic G commensalistic H competitive J parasitic 10

40. Home Back to ecology According to this food web, the relationship between Texas horned lizards and other lizards would be described best as — A competitive B predatory C parasitic D mutualistic

41. Home Back to ecology Golden-cheeked warblers are an endangered species of bird that nest only in central Texas. They build their nests using bark from ash juniper trees and feed on spiders and insects. Brown-headed cowbirds sometimes lay eggs in warblers’ nests. Blue jays are known to eat young birds, including the golden-cheeked warblers’ offspring. The survival of golden-cheeked warblers would be most threatened by an increase in the — A spread of a virus fatal to blue jays B predation of cowbirds by red-tailed hawks C clearing of ash juniper trees for farmland D local spider population because of mild winters

42. Home Back to ecology DDT is a pesticide that, beginning in the 1940s, was widely used to control insect pests. The use of DDT was banned in the United States in 1971 because of the harmful effects it was having on animals other than insect pests.Which best describes the movement of DDT through the food chain shown in the diagram? A DDT builds up in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels. B The level of DDT in a population has little relation to its trophic level. C The amount of DDT transferred follows the same pattern as the amount of energy transferred. D DDT is passed from predator populations to the organisms on which they prey.

43. Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their bodies? A Phytoplankton B Zooplankton C Lake trout D Gulls Home Back to ecology 37

44. Home Back to evolution Evolution • Go to: Natural selection • Go to: Relatedness • Go to: Plant and animal adaptations • Go to: Time scales and fossils

45. The common purple snail (Janthina janthina) feeds on jellyfish. This snail spends its entire life floating upside down in the open ocean, suspended just below the surface by a raft of air bubbles. The shell has a distinctive two-tone violet color. The base, which is directed toward the surface, is deep violet in color. The top, which is directed downward, is a lighter shade of purple. Viewed from above the water’s surface, the shell blends in with the dark blue of the deep sea. Viewed from below, the shell is difficult to see against a light-blue sky. Home Back to evolution Natural selection has most likely favored the shell color of the common purple snail as a response to — A predation B competition C average water temperature D jellyfish population density

46. Which of these conclusions can be made based on the graphs shown above? A Larger mosquitoes have migrated into the area. B Smaller mosquitoes are being eaten by larger mosquitoes. C A mosquito length of 2 cm has become a disadvantage in this environment. D Mosquitoes with a body length of 3 cm have the longest life span. Back to evolution Home In 10 years time, the 2 cm mosquitoes were naturally selected out of the population. 15

47. Home Back to evolution Since the 1940s, chemical insecticides have been used to control insects in an effort to limit crop damage and the spread of insect-carried diseases. Chemical control efforts fail, however, when insect pests become resistant to insecticides. The increase in the number of insecticide-resistant insect species is mainly a result of — A natural selection B learned behavior C geographic isolation D asexual reproduction

48. Home Back to evolution A plant has a change in its DNA that makes it more resistant to a species of harmful bacteria. What will most likely happen as a result of this mutation? A The plant will not survive long enough to reproduce. B The species of harmful bacteria will become extinct. C Over time the number of resistant plants will increase. D Over time the number of harmful bacteria will increase.

49. Home Back to evolution Which best explains why natural selection might favor carnivores whose muscle cells could use lactic-acid fermentation as well as cellular respiration? A On high mountains where oxygen levels are low, the carnivores could use carbon dioxide as an energy source. B During winter months when prey is difficult to find, the carnivores could produce their own food from their muscle cells. C The carnivores could obtain energy faster during a high-stress situation, such as fighting off a predator’s attack. D The carnivores could continue to chase prey even if their breathing rate could not keep pace with their muscles’ demand for oxygen.

50. Home The maps below show the geographic ranges of four species of the order Lagomorpha, which includes rabbits and hares. In which range would developing white fur in winter most likely not be an advantage for a member of this order? Back to evolution There’s never any snow here. 12