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Understanding the Canadian Executive: Roles, Powers, and Responsibilities

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mauli
23 diapositives · 368 Views · Sep 01, 2014

This overview outlines the formal structure of the Canadian executive, centered on the Crown and the roles of the Monarch, Governor General, and Lieutenant-Governors. It elaborates on the powers allocated to the Prime Minister and Cabinet, highlighting how parliamentary democracy functions within the context of constitutional law. The historical evolution of the Cabinet, the significance of the Queen's Privy Council, and the functions of central agencies, including the Prime Minister's Office and the Privy Council Office, are also discussed. This text provides insights into the interrelationships between various executive roles affecting governance in Canada.

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  1. The Executive Ceremony & Leadership Chapter 6 MacLennan - 2004

  2. The Formal Executive • Crown – the composite symbol of the institutions of the state • Reigning Monarch – currently Queen Elizabeth II, personal embodiment of the Crown • Prerogative authority – powers of monarch or their representative that have not been bypassed by constitutional law MacLennan - 2004

  3. Monarch • The Monarch reigns, but does not govern. • Parliament and the political exec. Govern in the name of the Crown…but… • the powers of Monarch are severely limited. MacLennan - 2004

  4. Governor General and Lieutenant-Governors • Letters Patent – the prerogative instruments defining the office of the GG • The Sovereign applies these to each GG through a commission of appointment • GG is appointed by Queen on recommendation of the PM and Cabinet. • tenure of office is five to seven years • the term “Right Honourable” is assigned for life and “Excellency” for period in office. MacLennan - 2004

  5. Political Duties of Gov. Gen • The Letters Patent – provide the GG with all the powers of the Queen in “respect of summoning, proroguing or dissolving the Parliament of Canada.” • only the PM can ask for and obtain a dissolution of Parliament. (see Byng-King case of 1926 when the GG refused) • the GG appoints the Prime Minister MacLennan - 2004

  6. Lieut.-Governor • a Lieut.-Gov. is appointed by the governor-in-council on the advice of the PM in each province • the Lieut.-Gov. acts on the advice and with the assistance of ministry or Executive Council in their province • they are responsible to the legislature • Who is Manitoba’s current Lieut.-Gov? MacLennan - 2004

  7. The Political Executive • The PM is the central figure in Canadian politics • an elected member of Parliament chosen national leader of the party at a leadership convention • PM must be a member of the House of Commons • has the right to govern based on a popular mandate MacLennan - 2004

  8. Powers of the PM’s office • powerful and prestigious • PM and Cabinet control signing of treaties, international relations, declaration of war… • “power of dissolution” of Parliament can be used to maintain stability of Cabinet • can be a weapon if the gov’t is defeated on a major bill MacLennan - 2004

  9. more powers of PM • PM controls the organization of gov’t by appointing Cabinet, limiting portfolios, creating Crown corps, Royal Commissions, and so on… • PM chairs the Cabinet • controls appointments of all members of the ministry, eg: secretaries of state… • appoints parliamentary secretaries MacLennan - 2004

  10. the PM and Government • the PM and their selected ministers form the government • If the PM and gov’t no longer receive support, they are replaces, or Parliament is dissolved and an election is called • their power comes from maintaining a plurality of supporters in the H of C MacLennan - 2004

  11. History of the Cabinet • the modern cabinet originated in Britain in Middle Ages • It began with the Privy Council which was chosen by Monarch to give advice • gradually their powers increased & they began to reflect mood of H of C, not just Monarch’s wishes • during the 19th century, political parties began to emerge. MacLennan - 2004

  12. Queen’s Privy Council • it became beneficial to draw advisors from a party that could command a majority in the H of C12 • the advisors of PC came under the control of the Prime Minister MacLennan - 2004

  13. at Confederation, the Constitution established the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada to advise the GG. Today it’s ceremonial body appointed by PM for life. MacLennan - 2004

  14. Cabinet & Ministry • the ministry is all ministers appointed by PM – Former PM J. Chretien appointed 30 to ministry but only 22 to Cabinet • Cabinet is smaller body of most powerful ministers acts in name of Privy Council MacLennan - 2004

  15. Secretaries of State to Assist – answer to PC but don’t attend Cabinet meetings • Parliamentary secretaries – help ministers (under Chretien, each minister had one) MacLennan - 2004

  16. Central Agencies • The Cabinet is assisted by four central coordinating agencies: • The Prime Minister’s Office • the Privy Council Office (now includes the Federal-Provincial Relations Office) • the Treasury Board • the Department of Finance MacLennan - 2004

  17. The PMO • most overtly political central agency • personal appointees of the PM • largest and most important – rarely employs public servants • drafts Speech from the Throne • monitors political developments and their implications for PM’s career • technical, political advice and p.r. MacLennan - 2004

  18. The PCO • main organization supporting the cabinet and PM (300 officers/support staff) • Clerk of the Privy Council – top position in Canada’s civil service • Clerk coordinates Cabinet activities MacLennan - 2004

  19. PCO staffed by career bureaucrats • offer ministers objective advice, policy alternatives • ministers make final decisions MacLennan - 2004

  20. The Treasury Board • constitutionally, committee of Privy Council • separate government department • headed by cabinet minister and included five other ministers. One is always the Minister of Finance • reviews expenditures, annual budgets of all government departments MacLennan - 2004

  21. Treasury Board responsibilities • monitors requests for money, provides an overall budget for PM and cabinet • manages civil service personnel • exerts control over salaries and job classifications across the civil service MacLennan - 2004

  22. The Department of Finance • a regular government department, but the most politically sensitive • chief preoccupation is analyzing taxation policy • looks at the impact of gov’t activity on the economy • provides Cabinet with info on the performance of the economy MacLennan - 2004

  23. Department of Finance Concerns • The department’s major concerns are: • taxation policy • economic development • fiscal policy and economic analysis • international trade MacLennan - 2004