INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

2. Learning Objectives • Describe the basic functions of organisms. • Define anatomy and physiology and the various specialties of each. • Identify the major levels of organization in organisms . • Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major components. • Explain the concept of homeostasis, including both positive and negative feedback. • Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the major body cavities.

3. SECTION 1-1Introduction: Studying the Human body

4. The basic functions of organisms • Organization • Responsiveness • Growth and differentiation • Reproduction • Movement • Metabolism and excretion

5. The Specialties of Anatomy • Gross Anatomy • Surface anatomy • Regional anatomy • Systemic anatomy • Developmental anatomy • Microscopic anatomy • Cytology • Histology

6. Figure 1.1 Comparative Anatomy • All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology. Figure 1.1

7. The Specialties of Physiology • Cell physiology • Special physiology • Systemic physiology • Pathological physiology

8. SECTION 1-2Levels of Organization

9. Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization Figure 1.2.1

10. Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization Figure 1.2.2

11. Figure 1.3 An Introduction to the Organ Systems • Integumentary system • Nervous system • Skeletal system • Endocrine system • Muscular system • Cardiovascular system

12. Figure 1.3.1

13. Figure 1.3.2

14. Figure 1.3.3

15. Figure 1.3.4

16. Figure 1.3.5

17. Figure 1.3.6

18. Figure 1.3 continued • Lymphatic system • Urinary system • Respiratory system • Digestive system • Reproductive system PLAY Animation: Samples of the Visible Human Data set

19. Figure 1.3.7

20. Figure 1.3.8

21. Figure 1.3.9

22. Figure 1.3.11

23. Figure 1.3.10

24. Figure 1.3.12

25. SECTION 1-3Homeostasis

26. Two general points within homeostasis • Autoregulation • Extrinsic regulation

27. Homeostatic regulation involves • A receptor • A control center • An effector

28. Figure 1.5 Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature Figure 1.5

29. Figure 1.6 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting Figure 1.6

30. SECTION 1-4A frame of reference for anatomical studies

31. Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward • Superficial anatomy breaks the body into anatomical landmarks and regions • Sectional anatomy provides directional references

32. Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks Figure 1.7a

33. Figure 1.7b

34. Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Figure 1.8a

35. Figure 1.8b, c

36. Figure 1.9 Directional References Figure 1.9

37. Plans and Sections are important in visualizing structures • Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior • Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior • Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right • Midsagittal divides the body exactly down the middle

38. Figure 1.10 Planes of Section Figure 1.10

39. Body Cavities • Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs • Cavities protect vital organs • Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size • Two body cavities • Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity • Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

40. Figure 1.12a Body Cavities Figure 1.12a, b

41. Thoracic Cavities • The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs. • It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum • Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the visceral and parietal pleura • The mediastinum contains the pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds the heart PLAY Animation: Heart Dissection

42. Abdominopelvic Cavity • The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum • The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis • liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

43. Abdominopelvic Cavity • The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle • reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine PLAY Animation: Digestive System Dissection

44. Clinical technology allows many different views of the body • X-rays • Computerized tomography (CT) scans • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans • Ultrasound images • Spiral CT scans • Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA) • Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

45. Figure 1.13 X-rays Figure 1.13

46. Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques Figure 1.14

47. Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods Figure 1.15c

48. You should now be familiar with: • The characteristics of life. • The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their various subdivisions. • The levels of organization in the human body. • The definition and importance of homeostasis. • The terminology associated with superficial and sectional anatomy and the body cavities.