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Acts of Nationalism: 1816-1824. The American System. How is this an expression of nationalism? These laws helped to more closely link the economic activities between the Northeastern, Western and Southern sections of the US.
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The American System How is this an expression of nationalism? These laws helped to more closely link the economic activities between the Northeastern, Western and Southern sections of the US. People were willing to pay for internal improvements that did not directly help their state or region. For example, the construction of the Erie Canal, which almost entirely in New York, was paid for by the taxpayers from the entire United States. Henry Clay from Kentucky and John Calhoun from South Carolina supported protective tariffs even though their states were primarily agricultural. • What was this decision/action? • The plan included three main objectives: • Federally funded internal improvements and transportation systems to promote trade and travel between the Northeast, West and South. • The creation of a protective tariff to promote domestic manufacturing. The tariff would expire every four years. The first tariff was 1816. • Re-chartering of the Bank of the United States (BUS), known as the Second Bank of the United States. The bank would be chartered of 20 years (ending in 1836). Who was responsible? Although President James Madison originally suggested a plan to Congress to unite the economies of the Northeast, West and South, it was the Speaker of the House HENRY CLAY (KY) who is credited for designing the “American System.” When was it enacted? Because the “American System” is a series of laws designed to encourage the Industrial Revolution and Agricultural production, an exact date is impossible to identify. Roughly the “American System” can be seen to begin in 1811 with the start of the National Road and end with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825.
McCulloch v. Maryland How is this an expression of nationalism? McCulloch v. Maryland and other decisions of the Marshall court extended the power of the central government, mostly at the expense of the state governments. This particular case justified the implied powers granted by the “elastic clause” and strengthened the power the central government will have in the future. Therefore, people began to look to the central government, instead of their local state governments for assistance and direction. What was the decision/action? The State of Maryland placed a tax on the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States. This tax was meant to severely limit the ability of the BUS to do business in Maryland. The BUS branch manager, James McCulloch, refused to pay the tax. Maryland took him to court and won. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court where John Marshall decided that Maryland’s attempt to kill the BUS would allow states to ignore any Acts of Congress. Marshall famously stated, “the power to tax is the power to destroy.” Who was responsible? John Marshall - the Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. As a former “High Federalist,” John Marshall was still interested in strengthening the central government especially at the expense of the individual states. This philosophy was seen through many of the decisions of Supreme Court When was it enacted? 1819 – It was one of several important precedent-setting decisions during the time period. Other decisions included: Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) Gibbons v Ogden (1824) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Missouri Compromise What was the decision/action? The compromise consisted of three parts: Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. The northern portion of Massachusetts would become the separate state of Maine. It would be a free state. All future settlement in the Louisiana Purchase would be separated into free territory and slave territory. The dividing line would be established on the lower boundary of Missouri (36 30’line). How is it an expression of nationalism? Despite the first serious dispute between Northern and Southern states, political leaders on both sides were able to overcome individual interests for the sake of compromise and togetherness. Although the Missouri Compromise did not solve the problems surrounding the issue of slavery, the agreement provided an answer to potential fights over expansion for a generation. Who was responsible? Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, was able to orchestrate a compromise that not only settled the dispute over Missouri, but also set the pattern of expansion for the next 30 years When was it enacted? Although the territory of Missouri was prepared for statehood in 1819, sectional differences and debate between the Northeast and the South delayed its approval. The controversy was caused by Missouri’s decision to enter as a slave state which would upset the balance in the Senate (11 Free states to 11 Slave states). The Compromise was approved by Congress by 1820.
Adams-Onis Treaty How was it an expression of nationalism? The United States is more assertively dealing with established European countries and demonstrating its control over North America. Americans began to see themselves as a potential “world power” that could exert influence beyond its own borders and expand its territory. Eventually, this increased “international” intervention will justify the acquisition of Texas and California by 1848 after a brief war with Mexico. What was the decision/action? The treaty resulted in: US received ownership of Florida for $5 million dollars Border disputes west of the Mississippi were clarified: Spain kept all the land from Texas to California and the US gained a “step-border” all the way to the Pacific Ocean into the “Oregon Territory” Who was responsible? President James Monroe’s Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, negotiated the treaty with the Spanish Foreign Minister, Luis de Onis. Andrew Jackson’s military campaigns against the Seminole Indians (The First Seminole War) helped contribute to US claims that Spain no longer controlled the region. When was it enacted? By 1819, Spain’s territories in North America were becoming too expensive and burdensome to control. The Seminole Indians in Florida were constantly raiding US territory, revolutionaries in Central and South America were increasingly rebelling against Spanish rule and US expansion beyond the Mississippi River was an emerging threat. In 1819, the treaty seemed to fix two of these problems. Spain was willing to unload some of these territories to focus on maintaining its hold on Mexico and South America.
Rush-Bagot Agreement How was it an expression of nationalism? The Rush-Bagot Agreement and the resulting diplomatic settlements demonstrated to Americans that they were finally being treated as equals by their former enemy, Great Britain. The confidence gained through the foreign policies of John Quincy Adams led to the issuing of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. This statement asserted American influence throughout the Western Hemisphere and warned European nations to abandon all colonial aspirations in Central and South America. Who was responsible? Acting-Secretary of State, Richard Rush, and British Foreign Minister, Sir Charles Bagot, exchanged letters regarding the escalation of military armaments along the US-Canadian border. These notes were complied into an agreement, and later a treaty, officially completed by John Quincy Adams. When was it enacted? The notes were first exchanged between Rush and Bagot in 1817. The treaty was officially ratified in April 1818. This treaty resulted in a series of other diplomatic agreements that re-imagined the traditional relationship between the United States and Great Britian. What was the decision/action? The Rush-Bagot Agreement/Treaty originally limited the amount of naval forces on the shared waterways and lakes between the United States and Canada. This agreement eventually led to the complete demilitarization of the US-Canada border (over 5,000 miles long). This opening of diplomacy also led to the Convention of 1818 which fixed the US-Canada border at the 49th parallel as far west as the joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.
