Muslim Empires – Beginnings of an Empire

1. Muslim Empires – Beginnings of an Empire • Islam gradually spread through the areas Muslims conquered, via ____________________ • Merchants took Islamic beliefs along with their goods to _________, ___________, and ________________________________ • As Islam spread Muslims generally practiced _______________________, or acceptance • For example, they did NOT ban all other _________________, especially Christians and Jews since they had many _____________________________________ • Many people____________________ by Muslims did eventually ___________________ to Islam Muslim Empires – Ottoman Empire • In the mid-1200s Muslim Turkish warriors called Ottomans began taking ________ from the Christian _____________________ • The key to their success was their ________ • Ottomans trained Janissaries: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • They also benefited from the use of new weapons and __________________________ • In 1453 _______________ conquered the city of Constantinople and changed the city’s name to _____________________, which became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire • DECLINE: Empire reached its height under ______________in the mid-1500s, and lasted all the way to________ when The Ottomans lost their remaining territory after losing ______________________________

2. Muslim Empires – Safavid Empire • As the Ottoman Empire was reaching its peak, the Safavids were gaining power in the East...and would eventually clash. • Empire began in __________ when _______________conquered _____________ • Esma’il made ____________ the official religion • In 1588 the greatest Safavid leader, ______________, became shah of the empire • He strengthened the __________________, gave his soldiers ________________ weapons, and copying the __________________, trained foreign slave boys to be soldiers • Under ‘Abbas’s rule the Safavids defeated the ____________ and took back land that had been lost to the Ottomans. • DECLINE: Constant threats from the Ottomans to the west, Afghan tribes (like the Uzbeks) to the North and East, and _________________________ after ‘Abbas led to the end of the Safavid Empire Muslim Empires – Mughal Empire • Established by a leader named ______________; He tried for years to build an empire in Central Asia. When he did not succeed there, he decided to create an empire in northern ____________ instead • In the mid-1500s an emperor named ___________conquered many new lands and increased the emperor’s power. He also instituted a policy of ______________ tolerance • The Mughals became known for their monumental works of architecture. One famous example of this architecture is the ______________________ • In the late 1600s, an emperor ________________ Akbar’s tolerant policies. He destroyed many __________temples, and violent revolts broke out. • DECLINE: 1. Reversal of religious tolerance caused conflict with Hindus; 2. No law of __________________ for choosing Kings caused violent struggles for power; 3. Rise of European powers, specifically_____________, brought stronger challengers to India

3. Muslim Empires – Innovations and Inventions • The empires of the Islamic world made great advances in many fields—astronomy, geography, philosophy, math, and science • Scholars at _________________and ____________________translated ancient writings on these subjects into Arabic. Scholars all over the Arabic world then used these ancient writings as the bases for their own works IMPORTANT ISLAMIC INVENTIONS/INNOVATIONS OR IMPROVEMENTS • Use of Gunpowder for weapons – didn’t invent gunpowder, but ________________________________________________________________________ • Inoculations – first to use _____________________________ to fight ___________________ • Arabic Numbers – the _________ of the number system we use today; developed _______________ • Coffee– “The best part of waking up....” • Cameras – First pin-hole camera invented by ________________________________ • Checks – “Saqq”s were first used by Arab traders as ______________________ for goods ; __________ than carrying large sums of money across dangerous territory • Surgical Tools – Many of today’s surgical tools are ___________________________ as those Muslims designed in the 10th century