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Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation. Meteorological Satellites (Metsats). Coarse spatial resolution, high temporal resolution NOAA, GOES, and DMSP NIMBUS EOS, OrbView-2, SPOT-4. 1. AVHRR. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 1979 –

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Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

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  1. Remote SensingMeteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

  2. Meteorological Satellites (Metsats) • Coarse spatial resolution, high temporal resolution • NOAA, GOES, and DMSP • NIMBUS • EOS, OrbView-2, SPOT-4

  3. 1. AVHRR • Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer • 1979 – • Designed as weather sensors on NOAA satellites • Become increasingly popular for land oriented applications http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spacebrn.htm

  4. AVHRR Orbits • Sun-synchronous • Inclination 98.9o • 833km altitude • Swath 2400km cross track

  5. June 26, 2000 covers European Russian eastward into Siberia. East Coast on September 27, 1997: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_6.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_6.html

  6. Spectral Resolution •   - band1: 0.58-0.68microm (red)   - band2: 0.72-1.10microm (near infrared)   - band3: 3.55-3.93microm (mid infrared- thermal)   - band4: 10.30-11.3microm (thermal)*   - band5: 11.50-12.5microm (thermal)*

  7. Resolutions • 10 bits, 1024 levels of brightness • Spatial resolution - 1.1km Local Area Coverage (LAC) - 4 km global Area Coverage (GAC) • Temporal resolution: daily                  

  8. Data • Low cost • Public domain distributed by NOAA

  9. Vegetation Indices • Vegetation Index (VI):         NIR-Red • Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)         NDVI = (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)

  10. NDVI AVHRR http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/gimms/

  11. NDVI MODIS https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/modis_products_table/mod13c2

  12. NDVI SPOT http://www.spot-vegetation.com/pages/policy.html

  13. Spectral Reflectance Curve

  14. Vegetation Index http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect3/Sect3_4.html

  15.    2. GOES • Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites • As part of global network of metsats 70o longitude apart around the world, domestic data available since 1975 • Geosynchronous, altitude 36,000km • GOES East 75oW, GOES-West 135oW

  16. GOES East 75oW http://www.goes.noaa.gov/ECIR4.html

  17. GOES-West 135oW http://www.goes.noaa.gov/WCIR4.html

  18. GOES .. • A full disk view • A visible (day time) 0.55-0.70microm  4 thermal band (day and night) 3.8-12.5microm • 1km spatial resolution for the visible band, and 4,8,4,4km for the four thermal bands, respectively • Data are distributed real time

  19. GOES View of South America http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_7.html

  20. 3. DMSP • Defense Meteorological Satellite Program • Data were available to civilian users since 1973 http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/dmsp.htm

  21. 3. DMSP •  Sun-synchronous • 0.4-1.1microm (visible & NIR), 8-13microm (thermal) • A nighttime visible band, the population map,  volcanoes, oil and gas fields, and forest fires • 3km spatial resolution

  22. NIGHTFALL IN USA

  23. OUR PLANET IN THE MIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE AT NIGHT

  24. 4. Ocean Monitoring Satellites • Nimbus-7, 1978 – 1986 • Carry Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) • Swath 1566km Thermal Visible The Gulf of Mexico http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_4.html

  25. 4. NIMBUS • 825m spatial resolution • 6 bands  - visible bands: phytoplankton concentration, suspended silt  - NIR: surface vegetation, land/water boundary - thermal: sea surface temperature

  26. Color-coded temperature maps http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_4.html

  27. 5. Earth Observing System (EOS) • Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) formally called Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) NASA program •    Terra (EOS-AM), 1999    Aqua (EOS-PM), 2002

  28. Terra http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  29. Five Sensors on Board Terra • MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer • ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer • CERES - Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System • MISR - Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer • MOPITT - Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere

  30. MODIS http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html • MODIS, a highly improved successor to AVHRR • Launched in 1999   • Greater spatial resolution, 250, 500, and 1000m • 36 bands between 0.405-14.385mm • 4096 radiometric resolution • 2-day interval

  31. MODIS Bands • Bands 1-2 0.62-0.876mm, 250m, Land/clouds boundaries • Bands 3-7 0.459-2.155mm, 500m, Land/cloud properties • Bands 8-16 0.405-0.877mm, 1000m, Ocean color /phytoplankton/biogeochemistry • Bands 17-19 0.890-0.965mm, 1000m, Atmospheric water vapor

  32. MODIS Bands … • Bands 20-23 3.660-4.080mm, 1000m, Surface/cloud temperature • Bands 24-25 4.433-4.549mm, 1000m, Atmospheric temperature • Band 26 1.360-1.390mm, 1000m, Cirrus clouds • Bands 27-29 6.538-8.700mm, 1000m, Water vapor

  33. MODIS Bands … • Band 30 9.580-9.880mm, 1000m, Ozone • Bands 31-32 10.780-12.270mm, 1000m, Surface/cloud temperature • Bands 33-36 13.185-14.385mm, 1000m, Cloud top altitude

  34. A MODIS oblique view One of the important EOS joint study programs is the Indian Ocean Experiment. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  35. MODIS Atmospheric appearance of aerosols, much being the result of pollution Water vapor, even when heavy clouds are absent or dispersed http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  36. MODIS The chlorophyll content The fluorescent properties of the ocean, which relate to plankton content. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  37. ASTER • Collaboration between US and Japan • Consists of three instrument systems   VNIR: visible and NIR                SWIR: short wave infrared   TIR: thermal infrared • 60km swath http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  38. ASTER • VNIR: visible and NIR G, R, NIR, NIR; 15m, 8bits                • SWIR: short wave infrared 5 bands in MIR; 30m, 8bits • TIR: thermal infrared 5 bands in thermal; 90m, 12bits http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  39. ASTER Volcanoes in the Andes mountain chain of South America http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_26.html

  40. Multispectral imaging contributions to global land ice measurements from space Examples of ASTER RGB false-color composites draped over ASTER DTMs. (A) Tasman Glacier, New Zealand. The scene covers approximately 25 x 25 km (B) Llewellyn Glacier, British Columbia. Scale is ∼13 km across the middle of the image and 25 km from bottom (foreground) to top (background). 15m resolution. Kargel, J. S. and 16 others (2005) Multispectral Imaging contributions to Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Special Issue on Terra/ ASTER Science. Remote Sensing of Environment 99, 187-219

  41. Mapping alluvial gully erosion in Australia tropical rivers Knight, J., Spencer, J. Brooks, A. & Phinn, S.   “Large-Area, High-Resolution Remote Sensing Based Mapping of Alluvial Gully Erosion in Australia’s Tropical Rivers”. Proceedings of the 5th Australian Stream Management Conference Proceedings, Albury, NSW May 2007

  42. Aqua http://aqua.nasa.gov/

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