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Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

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Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation. Meteorological Satellites (Metsats). Coarse spatial resolution, high temporal resolution NOAA, GOES, and DMSP . 1. AVHRR. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 1979 –

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Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

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  1. Remote SensingMeteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

  2. Meteorological Satellites (Metsats) • Coarse spatial resolution, high temporal resolution • NOAA, GOES, and DMSP

  3. 1. AVHRR • Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer • 1979 – • Designed as weather sensors on NOAA satellites • Become increasingly popular for land oriented applications http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spacebrn.htm

  4. AVHRR Orbits • Sun-synchronous • Inclination 98.9o • 833km altitude • Swath 2400km cross track

  5. June 26, 2000 covers European Russian eastward into Siberia. East Coast on September 27, 1997: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_6.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_6.html

  6. Spectral Resolution •   - band1: 0.58-0.68microm (red)   - band2: 0.72-1.10microm (near infrared)   - band3: 3.55-3.93microm (mid infrared- thermal)   - band4: 10.30-11.3microm (thermal)*   - band5: 11.50-12.5microm (thermal)*

  7. Resolutions • 10 bits, 1024 levels of brightness • Spatial resolution - 1.1km Local Area Coverage (LAC) - 4 km global Area Coverage (GAC) • Temporal resolution: daily                  

  8. Data • Low cost • Public domain distributed by NOAA

  9. Vegetation Indices • Vegetation Index (VI):         NIR-Red • Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)         NDVI = (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)

  10. Spectral Reflectance Curve

  11. Vegetation Index http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect3/Sect3_4.html

  12. GOES • Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites • As part of global network of metsats 70o longitude apart around the world, domestic data available since 1975 • Geosynchronous, altitude 36,000km • GOES East 75oW, GOES-West 135oW

  13. GOES East 75oW http://www.goes.noaa.gov/ECIR4.html

  14. GOES-West 135oW http://www.goes.noaa.gov/WCIR4.html

  15. GOES .. • A full disk view • A visible (day time) 0.55-0.70microm  4 thermal band (day and night) 3.8-12.5microm • 1km spatial resolution for the visible band, and 4,8,4,4km for the four thermal bands, respectively • Data are distributed real time

  16. GOES View of South America http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_7.html

  17. 3. DMSP • Defense Meteorological Satellite Program • Data were available to civilian users since 1973 http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/dmsp.htm

  18. 3. DMSP •  Sun-synchronous • 0.4-1.1microm (visible & NIR), 8-13microm (thermal) • A nighttime visible band, the population map,  volcanoes, oil and gas fields, and forest fires • 3km spatial resolution

  19. NIGHTFALL IN USA

  20. OUR PLANET IN THE MIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE AT NIGHT

  21. 4. Ocean Monitoring Satellites • Nimbus-7, 1978 – 1986 • Carry Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) • Swath 1566km Thermal Visible The Gulf of Mexico http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_4.html

  22. 4. NIMBUS • 825m spatial resolution • 6 bands  - visible bands: phytoplankton concentration, suspended silt  - NIR: surface vegetation, land/water boundary - thermal: sea surface temperature

  23. Color-coded temperature maps http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_4.html

  24. 5. Earth Observing System (EOS) • Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) formally called Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) NASA program •    Terra (EOS-AM), 1999    Aqua (EOS-PM), 2002

  25. Terra http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  26. Five Sensors on Board Terra • MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer • ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer • CERES - Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System • MISR - Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer • MOPITT - Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere

  27. MODIS http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html • MODIS, a highly improved successor to AVHRR • Launched in 1999   • Greater spatial resolution, 250, 500, and 1000m • 36 bands between 0.62-14.385mm • 4096 radiometric resolution • 2-day interval

  28. MODIS Bands • Bands 1-2 0.62-0.876mm, 250m, Land/clouds boundaries • Bands 3-7 0.459-2.155mm, 500m, Land/cloud properties • Bands 8-16 0.405-0.877mm, 1000m, Ocean color /phytoplankton/biogeochemistry • Bands 17-19 0.890-0.965mm, 1000m, Atmospheric water vapor

  29. MODIS Bands … • Bands 20-23 3.660-4.080mm, 1000m, Surface/cloud temperature • Bands 24-25 4.433-4.549mm, 1000m, Atmospheric temperature • Band 26 1.360-1.390mm, 1000m, Cirrus clouds • Bands 27-29 6.538-8.700mm, 1000m, Water vapor

  30. MODIS Bands … • Band 30 9.580-9.880mm, 1000m, Ozone • Bands 31-32 10.780-12.270mm, 1000m, Surface/cloud temperature • Bands 33-36 13.185-14.385mm, 1000m, Cloud top altitude

  31. A MODIS oblique view One of the important EOS joint study programs is the Indian Ocean Experiment. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  32. MODIS Atmospheric appearance of aerosols, much being the result of pollution Water vapor, even when heavy clouds are absent or dispersed http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  33. MODIS The chlorophyll content The fluorescent properties of the ocean, which relate to plankton content. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  34. ASTER • Collaboration between US and Japan • Consists of three instrument systems   VNIR: visible and NIR                SWIR: short wave infrared   TIR: thermal infrared • 60km swath http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  35. ASTER • VNIR: visible and NIR G,R,NIR, NIR; 15m, 8bits                • SWIR: short wave infrared 5 bands in MIR; 30m, 8bits • TIR: thermal infrared 5 bands in thermal; 90m, 12bits http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  36. ASTER Volcanoes in the Andes mountain chain of South America http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_26.html

  37. Aqua http://aqua.nasa.gov/

  38. Aqua • Complement Terra observations by providing data later in the day • Launched in 2002 • Designed to obtain information of weather and ocean • 6 instruments on board including MODIS

  39. Six Sensors on Board Aqua • MODIS • CERES • AMSR/E - Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS • AMSU - Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit • AIRS - Atmospheric Infrared Sounder • HSB - Humidity Sounder for Brazil

  40. Aqua Improved sea surface and brightness temperatures on June 2-4 http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_10a.html

  41. Aqua Sea surface temperature in hurricane alley. This false color composite image is made using data taken by AMSR-E on board EOS, May 2002.

  42. 5. SeaWiFS • Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor • NASA contracted with Orbital Science Corp. launched on OrbView-2 • Designed to study ocean biogeochemistry http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/orbview2.htm

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