Memory and Intelligence

1. Memory and Intelligence Ch. 8 & 9

2. Memory • Memory • persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information • Flashbulb Memory • a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event How Does Your Memory Work?

3. Memory • Encoding • the processing of information into the memory system (extracting meaning) • Storage • the retention of encoded information over time • Retrieval • process of getting information out

4. Memory • Short-Term Memory • activated memory that holds a few items briefly • Long-Term Memory • the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

5. Encoding • Automatic Processing • unconscious encoding of incidental information • space • time • frequency • well-learned information • word meanings • we can learn automatic processing • reading backwards

6. Encoding • Effortful Processing • requires attention and conscious effort • Rehearsal • conscious repetition of information • to maintain it in consciousness • to encode it for storage

7. Encoding • Imagery • mental pictures • a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding • Mnemonics • memory aids (ROY G BIV) • especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices • Chunking • organizing items into familiar, manageable units • use of acronyms • HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

8. Storage: Long-Term Memory • How does storage work? • Karl Lashley (1950) • rats learn maze • lesion cortex • test memory • Synaptic changes • Long-term Potentiation • Strong emotions make for stronger memories • some stress hormones boost learning and retention

9. Storage: Long-Term Memory • Implicit vs. Explicit Memory • Retention independent of conscious recollection vs. memory of facts and experiences

10. Retrieval • Recall • the person must retrieve information learned earlier • as on a fill-in-the blank test • Recognition • the person has only to identify items previously learned • as on a multiple-choice test

11. Retrieval Cues • Deja Vu (French)--already seen • cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience • "I've experienced this before."

12. Retrieval Cues • Mood-congruent Memory • tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood • memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues • State-dependent Memory • what is learned in one state (high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

13. Attention External events Sensory memory Short- term memory Long- term memory Encoding Encoding Encoding failure leads to forgetting Forgetting • Forgetting as encoding failure • Information never enters long-term memory

14. Forgetting • Interference • Proactive (forward acting) Interference • disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information • Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference • disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

15. Forgetting • Interference, cont. • Motivated Forgetting • people unknowingly revise memories • Repression • defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories • Amnesia – loss of memory

16. Memory Construction • We filter information and fill in missing pieces • Misinformation Effect • incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event • Source Amnesia • attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

17. Origins of Intelligence Testing • Intelligence • ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations • Mental Age • a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet • chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance • Stanford-Binet IQ Test

18. Multiple Intelligences? • Social Intelligence • the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully • Emotional Intelligence • ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions • Howard Gardner (7 Intelligences) • Visual-Spatial, Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical

19. Assessing Intelligence • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) • most widely used intelligence test • subtests • verbal and performance • Aptitude Tests • a test designed to predict a person’s future performance • aptitude is the capacity to learn • Achievement Tests • a test designed to assess what a person has learned

20. Assessing Intelligence • Standardization • defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group” • Normal Curve

21. Assessing Intelligence • Reliability • the extent to which a test yields consistent results • assessed by consistency of scores on: • two halves of the test • alternate forms of the test • retesting • Validity • the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to