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Plant Structures

Learn about the different types of plants and their life spans, including annuals, biennials, and perennials. Explore the various plant tissues and their functions, such as ground tissue, vascular tissue, and dermal tissue. Discover the role of plant meristems in growth, including primary and secondary growth.

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Plant Structures

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  1. Plant Structures Chapter 31

  2. Life Span • Annuals – herbaceous (nonwoody) plants that live 1 year only • Biennials – take 2 years for life cycle • Perennials – can be herbaceous or woody but live longer than 2 years • Deciduous – shed leaves before winter • Evergreen – some leaves are always present

  3. Plant Tissues • Three main tissue systems each of which extends throughout the plant and consists of 2 or more kinds of cells • Ground tissue – photosynthesis, storage and support • Vascular tissue – conduction of water, dissolved nutrients and sugars • Dermal tissue – covering for plant body • Tissue systems are further arranged into organs: roots, stems, leaves, flowers

  4. Ground Tissue • Three cell types distinguished by their cell wall structures • Parenchyma – living, thin primary cell walls; storage, secretion, photosynthesis • Collenchyma – living, unevenly thickened primary cell walls; elastic support • Sclerenchyma – often dead at maturity, thick secondary cell walls; support and strength

  5. Vascular Tissue • Two complex tissues: xylem and phloem • Xylem – conducts water and dissolved nutrients • Tracheids – conduct water; provide support • Vessel elements – wider than tracheid; conduct water; provide support • Phloem – conducts food and provides support • Sieve tube elements – conduct dissolved sugar • Companion cells – helps move sugar in and out of phloem

  6. Dermal Tissue • Herbaceous plants – a single layer called the epidermis • Woody plants – continuous growth of new tissues, covered by a layer of periderm (bark) • Epidermal cells - protection • Guard cells – open and close stomata • Trichome – hairy outgrowths; protection • Cork cells – reduces water loss; protection from invading organisms

  7. Plant Meristems • Specific areas of the plant’s body where growth occurs • Cells in these areas divide by mitosis and do not differentiate • Plants can grow throughout their life span • Two kinds of growth: • Primary – increase in stem and root length • Secondary – increase in girth

  8. Apical meristems • Primary growth occurs here • Tips of roots and shoots

  9. Lateral Meristems • Secondary growth occurs here – only in woody plants • Vascular cambium – between the wood and bark – adds cells to wood and inner bark • Cork cambium – located in the outer bark and produce cork cells and parenchyma cells

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