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Artificial Eye

Artificial Eye. By Utkarsh Anurag 100805089(EIC-3). TOPICS. THE EYE RETINA RETINAL DISEASES OCULAR IMPLANTS EPI-RETINAL IMPLANTS CHIP DEVELOPMENT BIOCOMPATIBILITY RF TELEMETRY AND POWER SYSTEMS

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Artificial Eye

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  1. Artificial Eye By UtkarshAnurag 100805089(EIC-3)

  2. TOPICS • THE EYE • RETINA • RETINAL DISEASES • OCULAR IMPLANTS • EPI-RETINAL IMPLANTS • CHIP DEVELOPMENT • BIOCOMPATIBILITY • RF TELEMETRY AND POWER SYSTEMS • SUB RETINAL IMPLANTATION • STRUCTURE ANDWORKING OF ASR • IMPLANT DESIGN

  3. THE EYE

  4. main part in our visual system • process very similar to that of a camera • retina represents the film in our camera

  5. RETINA

  6. RETINAL DISEASES • There are two important types of retinal degenerative disease: • Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

  7. OCULAR IMPLANTS Placed inside the retina • Aims at the electrical excitation of two dimensional layers of neurons

  8. EPI-RETINAL IMPLANTS. • micro contact array mounted onto the retinal surface to stimulate retinal ganglion cells • A tiny video camera is mounted on eyeglasses • signal together with the energy supply is transmitted wireless into a device which is implanted into the eye • main advantage of this is that it consists of only a simple spectacle frame • camera and external electronics Communicates wirelessly with microchip implanted

  9. CHIP-EPI RETINAL ENCODER • The design of an epiretinal encoder is more complicated as it has to feed the ganglion cells • retina encoder (RE) outside the eye replaces the information processing of the retina • retina stimulator (RS) contacts a sufficient number of retinal ganglion cells/fibers for electrical stimulation • RE thenmaps visual patterns onto impulse sequences by a digital signal processor handling the incoming light stimuli.

  10. BIOCOMPATIBILITY • The electrodes must establish a good contact to the nerve cells • within fluids, so that the stimulating electric current can pass from the photo elements into the tissue. • It must be possible to manufacture these materials with micro technical methods • They must be biologically compatible with the nervous system.

  11. RF TELEMETRY • wireless RF telemetry system acts as a channel between the Retinal Encoder and the retinal stimulator • Care is taken to avoid direct contact of heat dissipating devices with the retina

  12. SUB RETINAL IMPLANTATION • Subretinal approach is aiming at a direct physical replacement of degenerated photoreceptors in the human eye • quantum efficiency of photoreceptor action, however, is 1000 times larger than that of the corresponding technical devices • Photoreceptors are excited by the incoming light and deliver gradual potential changes to the inner retina layers

  13. STRUCTURE ANDWORKINGOF ASR • ASR is powered solely by the incident light &does not require the use of external wires or batteries • microchip is supposed to replace the function of the retina's light-sensing cells that have been damaged by disease

  14. IMPLANT DESIGN • micro photodiode array (MPA) is comprised of a regular array of individual photodiode subunits • devices generate current in response to a wavelength range of 500 to 1100 nm

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