The Middle Ages

1. The Middle Ages

2. Europe in the 6c (500s) Visigoths- Spain Ostrogoths, then Lombards- Italy Burgundians- Border areas of now France and Germany Angles and Saxons- Britain Celts- Ireland, Scotland Franks- North and West France

3. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

4. Feudalism • People left cities to live on manors (the lord’s estate) in order to grow food to live • Self-sufficient communities where people produced everything they needed -Peasants paid taxes on milling grains, marriages, rents -Serfs: could not leave without permission; treated like slaves; children born into serfdom

5. Great Schism 1054: Separate Roman Catholic (west) and Eastern Orthodox churches The Roman Catholic Church • Based in the Vatican in Rome • After the fall of Roman Empire, people turned to Christianity for guidance & strength • The Church provided food, shelter, clothing to poor, orphans • Organized centers for learning; sent out missionaries to recruit new members Forced people to pay tithes (10% income) to the Church Built cathedrals, ordered works of art Could excommunicate members- kick them out of the church Sold indulgences (forgive sin, less purgatory), simony (church jobs)

6. Catholic Church organization • Pope: head of Catholic Church; makes Church law • Cardinals: chooses new pope • Archbishops: govern areas; enforce church law • Bishops: assist Archbishops; also deliver sermons, raise money for Church • Priests: preach the word of God to the people; performed sacraments

7. The Franks Most successful of Germanic tribes • Clovis I: established Merovingian dynasty • Do Nothing Kings: Clovis’ descendent were weak rulers; power passed to Major Domo (Mayor of Palace) • Charles Martel: powerful Major Domo • 732BCE: defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours • saved Christian Europe from Muslim conquest • Pepin the Short: Major Domo, son of Charles Martel • “Gift of Pepin”: Pepin defeated the Lombards & gave conquered lands to the Pope (land became Papal States) • The Pope crowned Pepin king of the Franks in return • Charlemagne: son of Pepin • created empire that included France, Northern Italy, Northeast Spain (Spanish March), Germany • 800: crowned 1st Holy Roman Emperor by Pope

8. Treaty of Verdun Divided Charlemagne’s empire between his three grandsons • Charles the Bald: got Frankish kingdom (France) • Lothair: got Central kingdom (area between France & Germany; site of many wars) • Louis the German: got East Frankish kingdom (Germany) Centralized rule weakened by invasion: Umayyad (Islam) in Spain Magyars from Hungary Vikings from northern Europe

9. The High Middle Ages Lasted from 1100 to 1300 CE; during this period, Europe developed nation states with populations identifying national unity: • Nations led by kings, princes as rulers • Made war against others to obtain territory • Trade rose and towns developed • Catholic Church led wars for Christian domination

10. Medieval Guilds A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade Guild Hall Def: exclusive right or ability to provide a service or product • Commercial Monopoly: • Controlled membershipapprentice journeyman  master craftsman • Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. • Controlled prices

11. Christian Crusades: East and West

12. Holy wars to regain Jerusalem from the Muslims; first called by Pope Urban II who promised: Forgiveness for sins Cancellation of debts Protection for families and property Cancellation of criminal charges Land and wealth (from the Turks) The Crusades Why go? 1st crusade: 3 groups marched to Holy Land Most successful; crusaders captured Jerusalem & Antioch; massacred thousands of Muslims Problems: heat, supplies, disunity 2nd: Turks had retaken Jerusalem; group sent to take the city was defeated at Damascus 3rd (King’s Crusade): led by kings; Frederick I fell from horse & drowned; Philip II fell ill and returned to France; led by Saladin, Turks kept lands Results of the Crusades Discovery of new ideas, inventions, weapons Kings gained power Status of women increased Revival of trade between Europe & Middle East 4th: crusaders sacked city of Zara for rival Venetians; excommunicated after they conquered Christian Constantinople; never reconquered Holy Land

13. The Famine of 1315-1317 • By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate. • A population crisis developed. • Climate changes in Europe produced three years of cold, heavy rain • Crop failures between 1315-17 • As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died. • One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.

14. Black Death (Late 14th Century) • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gif • Spread along the Silk roads

15. The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

16. Attempts to Stop the Plague “Leeching” Also, tried containment and quarantine but often too late or not enough places participate A Doctor’s Robe

17. Attempts to Stop the Plague Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!

18. Attempts to Stop the Plague Blame the Jews “Golden Circle” obligatory badge “Jew” hat