Hunger Module 37

1. HungerModule 37

2. The Physiology of Hunger Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger. Washburn and Cannon (1912) OBJECTIVE 35-1| Describe the physiological determinants of hunger.Washburn and Cannon (1912) OBJECTIVE 35-1| Describe the physiological determinants of hunger.

3. Stomachs Removed

4. Glucose: C6H12O6 Glucose level in the blood is maintained. Insulin decreases glucose in blood making us feel hungry. Brain automatically monitors infor. About body�s internal state � signals from liver, stomach, and intestines re: whether or not glucose is being deposited signal the brain to motivate eating or not. Brain automatically monitors infor. About body�s internal state � signals from liver, stomach, and intestines re: whether or not glucose is being deposited signal the brain to motivate eating or not.

5. Glucose & Brain Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, intestines, they send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.

6. Hypothalamic Centers

7. Hypothalamic Centers

8. Hypothalamus & Hormones Although no such pill yet exists, some people hope manipulation of these hormones will result in a weight-loss pill. Although no such pill yet exists, some people hope manipulation of these hormones will result in a weight-loss pill.

9. Set-Point Theory Manipulating lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body�s �weight thermostat.�

10. The Psychology of Hunger Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently, if given food (Rozin et al., 1998). OBJECTIVE 35-2| Discuss psychological and cultural influences on hunger.OBJECTIVE 35-2| Discuss psychological and cultural influences on hunger.

11. Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Body chemistry and environmental factors together influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for! In cultures, such as Ghana, without a thin ideal, there are no eating disorders. Note that in other times and places when food was harder to come by, plumper bodies were idealized. In cultures, such as Ghana, without a thin ideal, there are no eating disorders. Note that in other times and places when food was harder to come by, plumper bodies were idealized.

12. Hot Cultures like Hot Spices Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

13. When scientists put 36 conscientious objectors on a semi-starvation diet for six months, all of the following occurred EXCEPT: A. the men appeared listless and apathetic. B. the men became obsessed with food. C. the men spent more time thinking about sex. D. the men lost interest in social activities.

14. Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese even though she is underweight. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of: A. excess PYY. B. bulimia nervosa. C. an abnormally high set point. D. anorexia nervosa.

15. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by a normal-weight person (usually adolescent women) losing weight continuously and yet feeling overweight. OBJECTIVE 35-3| Explain how the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behaviors.OBJECTIVE 35-3| Explain how the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behaviors.

16. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa: A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

17. Obesity Note that fat cells can increase and they increase in size as we gain weight � but the number of fat cells never decreases once it is increased. Conclusion that to lose a pound of fat you need to eat 3500 less calories is false � more complicated than that. Once we gain weight, our sensitivity to leptin (which reduces appetite) decreases, and as we starve ourselves, the body lower metabolism to conserve calories. Exercise can temporarily counteract this. Note that fat cells can increase and they increase in size as we gain weight � but the number of fat cells never decreases once it is increased. Conclusion that to lose a pound of fat you need to eat 3500 less calories is false � more complicated than that. Once we gain weight, our sensitivity to leptin (which reduces appetite) decreases, and as we starve ourselves, the body lower metabolism to conserve calories. Exercise can temporarily counteract this.

18. You�ve just gotten a job as a weight loss counselor. Your first client wants you to tell him some things he should consider when approaching a weight loss regimen. Which of the following statements is BAD advice? A. Weight loss and gain have genetic components. B. Weight loss is a simple matter of cutting down on calories. C. Social influences, such as daily routine and peers, have an effect on weight loss and gain. D. Exercise can be helpful for people who want to lose weight.

19. Reasons for Eating Disorders Sexual Abuse: Childhood sexual abuse does not cause eating disorders. Family: Raised in a family where weight is excessive concern results in younger generation developing eating disorders. Genetics: Twin studies have shown eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical than fraternal twins.

20. Body Image (Women) Western culture tends to over-emphasize thin body image more than other cultures.