INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

2. DEFINITIONS • Anatomy • “to cut apart” • Study of Bodily Structure • Includes: • Systemic or Regional • Gross or Microscopic • Developmental • Imaging

4. DEFINITIONS continued • Physiology • “study of nature” • Study of Bodily Function • Includes: • Cell Physiology • Pathophysiology • Immunology • Exercise Physiology

5. LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION • Chemical • Atoms, Molecules • Cellular • Organelles, Cells • Tissue • Groups of Cells • Organ • 2 or more tissue types • Specific functions • Recognizable shape

7. LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION continued • System • Groups of organs with common functions • 11 organ systems • Organismal • Highest level • All parts of organism

9. 11 Organ Systems • Integumentary – external body covering; protection & sensation • Skeletal – internal support; protection • Muscular - movement • Nervous – fast-acting control system • Endocrine – hormonal control; secreted by glands

11. 11 Organ Systems • Cardiovascular – Transports via circulating blood • Lymphatic – Returns fluid leaked from blood; immune defense • Respiratory – exchanges gases (O2 & CO2) with environment • Digestive –Breakdown & absorption of food; elimination of undigestable food

14. 11 Organ Systems • Urinary – Removes most metabolic wastes from the blood as urine • Reproductive – produces offspring

16. HOMEOSTASIS • Homeostasis • Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, regardless of external conditions. • Allows changes within narrow limits. • “Dynamic Equilibrium” • Regulated by feedback mechanisms

18. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • 3 Components • Receptor – to detect changes • Control Center – to determine set point (normal) and appropriate response to deviations • Effector – to respond to change

19. Negative Feedback - Control of Room Temperature

20. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Negative Feedback System • Common • Reverses Change • Results in Fluctuations about Set Point • e.g. control of body temperature • Positive Feedback System • Rare • Change is increased • May be Harmful (induced by pathogens) • e.g. lactation, blood clot formation

21. Positive Feedback – Blood Clot Formation

22. TERMINOLOGY • Anatomical Position • Erect Stance, Palms Forward • Directional Terms • Explain Relative Location of Body Parts • Many Paired Opposites • Regional Terms • Refer to Specific Body Parts, Regions • Divided into Anterior & Posterior Landmarks

23. Directional Terms

24. Regional Terms

26. TERMINOLOGY continued • Body Planes & Sections • Frontal (Coronal) • Vertical, Divides into Anterior & Posterior • Transverse • Horizontal, Divides into Superior & Inferior • Sagittal (Para- & Mid-) • Vertical, Divides into Right & Left • Oblique • Diagonal, Between Vertical & Horizontal

29. TERMINOLOGY continued • Body Cavities (Protect & Allow for Growth/Change) • Dorsal & Ventral form during embryological development • Dorsal • Cranial - Brain • Spinal or Vertebral – Spinal Cord

32. BODY CAVITIES continued • Ventral • Thoracic • Pleural - Lungs • Mediastinal – Between Lungs • Pericardial – Heart; division of mediastinal • Abdominopelvic • Abdominal (Peritoneal) • Pelvic

34. Abdominopelvic Quadrants