Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses

1. Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses Toward Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management

2. Outline... • We live in an ocean and coastal world • Ocean and coastal challenges • Management Solutions • Coastal zone • Ocean areas • Integrated coastal management • Summary

3. We live ocean and coastal world…

4. What would you say are the most important ocean and coastal management challenges we face as we begin the 21st century?

5. Sprawl and its impacts Nonpoint pollution Species and habitat protection/ restoration Recovering fisheries Public access Mitigating natural and technological hazards Adapting to climate change Developing non-renewable resources Balancing private property rights with public interest Revitalizing cities, while protecting character Social equity Homeland security Interactions among these and other issues? Critical Coastal Issues

6. World population: past estimates and high, medium, and low fertility variants, 1950-2050 (billions) * Coping with increasing numbers of people disproportionately settling in coastal areas Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: 1998 Revision.

8. Sprawl in Charleston, South Carolina Metro area will grow 2.5X between 1994 and 2030

10. *Controlling pollution runoff from the land

11. California sea lion Salmon River estuary salt marsh restoration Rockfish on Heceta Banks off Oregon *Protecting and restoring marine and coastal habitats and biodiversity

12. Pacific ocean perch *Recovering depleted stocks of marine fishes 2002 Status of assessed groundfish stocks (PFMC) Are “no-take” fishery areas necessary?

13. *Providing the access to beaches and coastal waters that the public demands Neskowin, Oregon

14. New Carissa oil spill “The Capes” landslide * Reducing our vulnerability to natural and human-caused hazards

15. Property damage up… why? Deaths down…why? U.S. hurricane damage and deaths in the twentieth century (Pielke 1997 as adapted from Hebert et al. 1993).

16. * Adapting to climate variability and long-term global change Beach replenishment Protect the coast? Gradual retreat? Abandon?

17. * Developing nonrenewable ocean resources while protecting renewable resources

18. * Balancing private property rights with public interests and rights

19. * Revitalizing the urban coast and promoting access and water-dependent shoreline uses * Respecting and protecting community character, uniqueness, and culture as we grow * Promoting social and intragenerational equity and justice in managing coastal lands and resources

20. * Homeland security and coasts - data, ports of entry, terrorist acts, etc.

21.  Managing coastal and ocean areas, uses, and resources, complicated by… • Complexity of the ocean & coastal ecosystems and resources • Differences in ownership and control of coastal and ocean areas • Sector-by-sector management approach using single-purpose regimes • Built-in jurisdictional conflicts among and within sectors and governmental levels (national, state, local) • Overall fragmentation of ocean and coastal governance

22. Increasingly public, expansive, and regulated Updated Spring 2001

23. How are we addressing these issues today?What more needs to be done in the future?

24. U.S. National Coastal Management Policy and Programs • Coastal Zone Management Act (1972 as amended) • Clean Water Act: §401 Cert., 403 NPDES, 404, 319 NPS, National Estuary Program • Marine and coastal protected area programs , e.g. • National Marine Sanctuaries • National Estuarine Research Reserves • National seashores and recreation areas • Fish and wildlife refuges • Federal habitat restoration programs, e.g. • NOAA programs: NMFS, NOS damage restoration • Corps dredged material habitat creation * Fragmentation of federal coastal policy a key feature

25. U.S. National Coastal Management Policy and Programs (continued) • Natural hazards mitigation and assistance • National Flood Insurance Program • Federal Disaster Assistance Programs • Federal shore protection programs • Development incentives and disincentives • Infrastructure programs (transportation,waste treatment) • Coastal Barriers Resources Act (1980) - undeveloped barriers *Fragmentation of federal coastal policy a key feature

26. National Marine Sanctuaries (13 sites) Marine and Coastal Protected Areas

27. Marine and Coastal Protected Areas

28. U.S. Coastal Management Program:Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) • Voluntarypartnership • All eligible states/territories participate • Incentive-based • Federal assistance $ • Federal consistency • Section 303 policy goals: (1) preserve, protect, develop, restore (2) encourage state management (3) special area management plans (4) public & federal agency participation &

29. 1 State Coastal Management Program Approval Status as of January 2002 34 N/A

30. PROCESSES Land use and special area planning Public Involvement Education Dispute Resolution TOOLS Resource inventory and assessment Zoning & development permits Exclusion areas or building setback zones Marine protected areas Acquisition, easements, and development rights Regulation of activities in special areas Mitigation of damage Nonregulatory restoration Operating the coastal programManagement processes and tools

31. Oregon’s Major Wetland andDeepwater Habitat Systems Source: USGS 1996

32. Components of Oregon’sCoastal Management Program • LCDC Statewide Planning Goals • Local city & county comprehensive plans • Specified state statutes & authorities • Oregon Ocean Plan & Territorial Sea Plan (OPAC) • State agency coordination agreements • Federal consistency provisions

33. Goal 16: Estuarine Resources To maintain environmental and development diversity within each estuary, management units must be designated consistent with the overall estuary classification Natural Conservation Development

34. Oregon Estuary Planning OutcomesManagement Unit Designation Summary 2% 8% 34% 81% 64% 11%

35. Historic Wetland Losses in theSan Francisco Bay Region

36. San Francisco Bay Coastal ProgramTrends in Permitted Wetland Loss

37. Louisiana’s Major Wetland andDeepwater Habitat Systems Source: USGS 1996

38. Louisiana Trends in Permitted Tidal Wetland Impacts (Louisiana Department of Natural Resources data)

39. Ocean Resources Management in the U.S. Today: Principal Regimes • State-Federal Relationships and Jurisdiction Offshore • Living Resources Management • Nonliving Resources Management • Waste Disposal and Management • Prevention and Clean-up of Oil Spills • Multiple Use Ocean Management Initiatives Characteristics: uncoordinated, fragmented, single-purpose

40. Jurisdictional Boundaries 2.3 million square miles of “new” U.S. territory Established by Presidential Executive Order, 1983

41. Problems with the present US ocean governance regime... • OCS oil and gas development standstill • Fisheries overcapitalization and overfishing in the wake of “Americanization” • Paralysis in US aquaculture development • Species and habitat protection conflicts • Continued degradation of nearshore water quality • Global climate change impacts • Power-sharing disagreements - no means for dispute resolution • Lack of intra- and intergovernmental coordination

42. Solutions: Toward a more Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM) “…a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and marine areas and resources.” Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998 GOALS • Develop institutions designed to overcome fragmentation • Recognize distinctive interrelated nature of the coast and nearshore ocean area • Promote policy harmonization & consistency of decisions

43. Solutions?Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM) “…a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and marine areas and resources.” Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998 GOALS • Overcome fragmentation • Promote consistency in decision making • Recognize distinctive, interrelated nature of the coast and nearshore ocean area

44. Pew Oceans Commission • Final report released June 4, 2004 • Recommendations • Governance for Sustainable Seas • Restoring America’s Fisheries • Preserving Our CoastsCleaning Coastal Waters • Guiding Sustainable Marine Aquaculture • Science, Education, and Funding http://www.pewoceans.org/

45. Goals of Oceans Act of 2000 • Establish a commission to make recommendations for coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy that will promote: • Protection against hazards • Responsible stewardship • Environmental protection and pollution prevention

46. Goals of Oceans Act of 2000 • Commerce, conflict reduction and sustainable use • Research including climate change • Advancement of education and training • Technological innovation • Public and private sector cooperation • Preservation of leadership role • Foreign cooperation

47. Summary • The world, the US, and other nations and states face many difficult ocean and coastal problems • Existing management efforts are fragmented and poorly implemented and enforced • A more integrated ocean and coastal management is needed nationally and globally to reverse trends in resource decline and quality