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The French Revolution: From Monarchy to Napoleon's Empire

The French Revolution marked a significant turning point in history, transitioning from the Old Regime, a monarchy comprised of three social classes or Estates, to a republic and later an empire under Napoleon Bonaparte. The discontent of the Third Estate, made up of the majority of the population, coupled with Enlightenment ideas, spurred the revolution. Key events included the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre, and ultimately Napoleon's rise to power and subsequent downfall after his defeat at Waterloo. The changes reshaped France and impacted Europe profoundly.

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The French Revolution: From Monarchy to Napoleon's Empire

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  1. French Revolution

  2. Government was a Monarchy called the Old Regime. During the Old Regime there were 3 Estates (social classes) Why Change? The Enlightenment gave ideas of Revolution (sudden or significant change in the old ways of doing things) Rich got richer – poor got poorer Before the Revolution

  3. First Estate Clergy- owned 10% of land in France Second Estate Nobility- 2% of population Third Estate Bourgeoisie (middle class) Urban Poor (laborers) Peasants- 80% of total population 97% of the population The Three Estates

  4. King Louis XVI – terrible leader; put France in debt More concerned about sports (hunting) than his people and the economy King Louis XVI

  5. Queen Marie Antoinette – Upset many people with her dress style, loss up to $1.5 million playing cards Queen Marie Antoinette

  6. The revolution • The 3rd estate wanted a Revolution • They needed weapons. They stormed the Bastille (prison w/ weapons) on July 14th 1789. • This was the start of the Revolution

  7. The leaders of the Revolution execute Louis & Marie Guillotine- method of execution used Robespierre takes control of France. He creates the “Reign of Terror” which saw over 40,000 people killed-- most were of the Third Estate. The Revolution

  8. Napoleon Bonaparte • Revolution has no leadership– got out of hand • Napoleon= successful general who is loved by all! • Military genius • Controls France by 1795

  9. Napoleon kept many reforms of the revolution; this kept the 97% poor happy Napoleonic Code- Napoleons laws created to restore peace and stability 1804 times were good- he crowns himself Emperor By 1810 he controlled Europe Napoleon Bonaparte

  10. Napoleon wanted all of Europe: tried to cut off Britain's trade 1812 Napoleon invades Russia w/ 420,000 men The Russians retreated inland – they burned their own land so the French could not use the Russians resources. Napoleon’s downfall

  11. The French moved to Moscow but it was burned The French tried to go home but the Russian winter wiped out the French troops Napoleon’s downfall

  12. Napoleon was then defeated by the Brits. At Waterloo (city in Belgium). Napoleon was exiled (banished) to St. Helena & died Napoleon’s downfall

  13. The Leaders of the European countries went to Vienna for a meeting. There they re-drew country boundaries & restored peace throughout Europe. Many countries became allies (not so good) Congress of Vienna

  14. Old and New

  15. QUESTIONS???

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