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Water pollution

Water pollution. TREN 1F90: Sustainability, Environment and Tourism David T. Brown. B. CONDENSATION. C. PRECIPITATION. A. EVAPORATION. Atmospheric radioactive dust particles (high altitudes). Dust particles and gases filtered out of atmosphere by falling snow.

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Water pollution

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  1. Water pollution TREN 1F90: Sustainability, Environment and Tourism David T. Brown

  2. B. CONDENSATION C. PRECIPITATION A. EVAPORATION

  3. Atmospheric radioactivedust particles (highaltitudes) • Dust particles and gasesfiltered out of atmosphereby falling snow • Suspended solidseroded by fallingwater • Terpenes, phenolics, andother natural VOCsfrom trees • Mine acid tailings andwaste leached intowaterways

  4. Crop spraying and dusting(herbicides, pesticides) by air • Industrial effluent gaseswashed from atmosphere • Leaching of soil chemicalsand decaying vegetation • Natural aeration (falls, rapids)affecting dissolved gases • Industrial waste water discharged into water bodies or municipal sewers

  5. Fertilizers and biocides from agricultural land • Dust particles and airborne solids washedout of atmosphere • Barnyard and feedlot manure • Human waste from domestic septic systems • Sea water from overdraft of underground aquifers

  6. Municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent • Thermal pollution from power plants and industry • Methane and other gases from marshes and swamps • Storm sewer runoff

  7. Marine salt particles and spray • Oil leaks and spills from tanks and rigs • Vehicle exhaust / fossil fuel emissions

  8. CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION

  9. toxics nutrients suspended matter pathogens thermal pollution dissolved gases anthropogenicorigin (e.g. industrial effluent, sewage) naturalorigin (e.g. silt, mineral nutrients, wild animal wastes) Water Pollutants

  10. Significant concern in the tourism industry • Water quality • Water quantity • Aesthetic concerns • Disease and pathogens • Local equity issues

  11. Tourism operations:

  12. Water and tourism • Quantity: ensuring that local water supply needs are not compromised by tourist demands in resorts (e.g., island resorts) • Quality: ensuring that local water treatment infrastructure can handle additional burden of sewage from tourism

  13. Water and tourism Case study: cruise ship pollution issues

  14. CRUISE SHIP ISSUES:BIG SHIPS 360 m long 3.6 Canadian football fields long 6296 passengers World's biggest cruise ships:Royal Carribean’s “Oasis of the Seas“ (2009)“Allure of the Seas” (2010)

  15. CRUISE SHIP ISSUES:BIG SHIPS World's 2nd biggest cruise ship:Royal Carribean’s "Freedom of the Seas“338.91 m / 3,634 passengers

  16. BIG SHIPS World's 3rd largest cruise ship:Cunard’s “Queen Mary 2” 345 m / 3056 passengers

  17. 19 to 26 litres 1.58 billion litres 4.8 km (3 miles) 0 km Sewage dumped per passenger per day Sewage dumped per year Distance from shore where raw sewage is dumped Distance from shore where treated sewage and raw graywater are dumped BIG SHIPS = BIG POLLUTION

  18. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS Waste discharge in international waters is controlled under Annex V of the MARPOL convention (1988) Liquid wastes: Gray water - from dishwashing, showers Sewage– from toilets • Within 4.8 km: treated with MSDs(marine sanitation devices) to dissolve lumps and reduce bacteria levels) • Beyond 4.8 km: no treatment is required(direct discharge of raw sewage) Oil – from bilge water in hull of ship Hazardous liquid wastes – dry cleaning, photo processing paints, solvents, pool chemicals, etc.

  19. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS Solid wastes: • Inorganic (glass, aluminum and steel cans, and plastics) • Organic (primarily food wastes) Barred from dumping: • plastics (anywhere at sea) • floatable garbage within 25 miles (40 km) of shore Permitted to dump: • garbage ground into pieces smaller than 2.5 cm when three miles (4.8 km) from shore • unground garbage when they are at least 12 miles (19 km) from shore

  20. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS Waste discharges to air also a problem Diesel ‘Master’ and ‘slave’ engine emissions • Master engines: used for propulsion • Slave engines: used for electricity generation Marine engines generally burn cheap residual fuel oil of low quality (not standard diesel).

  21. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS Waste discharges to air include: Solid waste incinerator emissions: • gaseous emissions • particulate emissions • greenhouse gases Annex VI of MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships) is concerned with the prevention of air pollution from ships.

  22. You might expect it of antique vessels… Passenger excursion ship (1912 steamer TSS Earnslaw) on Lake Wakatipu, near Queenstown, New Zealand

  23. …but modern cruise ships?!? A cruise ship in Milford Sound, New Zealand, with stack exhaust gases constrained by an inversion layer

  24. Per unit of time, a cruise ship’s diesel engines can emit as much exhaust as 10,000 cars, even when idling in port.

  25. 2 6 3 Number of cruise lines equipping ships to plug into shorepower Number of cruise ships equipped to plug into shorepower Number of U.S. ports equipped with shoreside power hook-ups for cruise ships A rare dockside utility connection (found on 53 Swedish ships; 0 US ships)

  26. Controlling Water Pollution • Upstream: before the problem occurs • Downstream: after the problem occurs

  27. Upstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • process modification in industry: elimination of pollutants and toxics • avoidance of direct discharge into: • water bodies • storm sewers • sanitary sewers • identification of storm drains (e.g. Yellow Fish Road project)

  28. Upstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • decoupling of storm and sanitary sewers • runoff control: • increasing absorptive surfaces • avoiding erosion • maintaining streambank and shoreline vegetation • legislation and regulation: guidelines and laws establishing limits on discharge

  29. Downstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • effluent treatment processes: • mechanical:filtering, gravity separation • chemical: flocculation, coagulation • biological:microbes or macrophytes aerobic or anaerobic • disinfection:chlorination, ozonation, etc. (pathogen control)

  30. Downstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • domestic sewage treatment: • primary: straining and settling of solids • secondary: removal of biodegradable organic matter and nutrients • tertiary: removal of residual dissolved nutrients and pollutants

  31. Downstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • ‘physical plant’/ ‘engineered’ approach(usually centralized, large scale) • ‘constructed wetland’ approach(centralized or decentralized, large or small scale)

  32. S E W A G E Neolithic revolution • small towns and settlements -> human waste control generally non-problematic

  33. S E W A G E “In days of old When knights were bold And toilets weren’t invented They’d leave their loads Upon the roads And walk away contented.”

  34. S E W A G E Post - Neolithic revolution: Large towns and cities -> human waste control became a problem high-density living required technologies for handling human wastes in urban areas: • chamber pots and open gutters • pit privies / trench latrines/ outhouses • septic systems and variants • centralized sewage collection and treatment systems

  35. Temporary /short term: packing it out single-use holes pit privies trench latrines Methods of Managing Sewage: Small scale Meyer, Kathleen. 1989. How to shit in the woods : an environmentally sound approach to a lost art. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, Calif.

  36. Long-term outhouses settling ponds septic tanks septic fields composting toilets Methods of Managing Sewage: Small scale van der Ryn, Sim. 1978 (republished and revised 1999). The Toilet Papers: Recycling Waste and Conserving Water. Chelsea Green Publishing, Vermont. Online edition available atwww.brocku.ca/tren/courses/tren3p14/2006/ToiletPapers.pdf

  37. Waterless toilet technologies Clivus Multrum composting toilet • converts human and organic wastes into odourless compost

  38. Scalable Waterless Low energy Suitable for remote areas Now CSA approved Waterless toilet technologies

  39. GRIT CHAMBER SETTLING TANK CHLORINATION TANK BAR SCREEN outflow Primary Sewage Treatment Raw sewage Sludge SLUDGE DIGESTER SLUDGE DRYING BED

  40. AERATION TANK GRIT CHAMBER SETTLING TANK SETTLING TANK 2 BAR SCREEN outflow Secondary Sewage Treatment Raw sewage CHLORINATION TANK Methane Air pump Activated sludge SLUDGE DIGESTER SLUDGE DRYING BED

  41. Constructed Wetland

  42. Constructed Wetland EXPERIMENTAL CELLS S.W.A.M.P. (SEWAGE WASTE AMENDMENT MARSH PROJECT) Niagara on the Lake, Ontario

  43. Constructed Wetland EXPERIMENTAL CELLS

  44. Constructed Wetlandmacrophytes Cattails and Water Hyacinth

  45. Large scale constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  46. Settling tank Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  47. Sludge dewatering and drying Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  48. Aeration pond Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  49. Outflow into constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  50. Large scale constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

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