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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. Population and Urbanization. Questions for you…. What social factors affect patterns in population growth? How many people currently reside on the planet? What are the global concerns relating to food supply and population expansion?

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Population and Urbanization

  2. Questions for you… What social factors affect patterns in population growth? How many people currently reside on the planet? What are the global concerns relating to food supply and population expansion? How can science contribute to a better understanding of population concerns?

  3. Chapter Outline Demography: The Study of Population Population Growth in Global Context A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories Urbanization in Global Perspective

  4. Chapter Outline (con’t) Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities Problems in Global Cities Urban Problems in the United States Population and Urbanization in the Future

  5. Population and the Environment As the population continues to expand, how will the environment be affected? http://www.infoforhealth.org/pr/m15edsum.shtml

  6. Population World’s population of 6.8 billion in 2010 is increasing by more than 76 million people per year. Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s 1.4 % annual population growth will occur in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

  7. Changes in Population Changes occur as a result of three processes: Fertility (births) Mortality (deaths) Migration

  8. How Much Do You Know About Migration? • True or False? • All “unauthorized immigrants” in the United States entered the country illegally.

  9. How Much Do You Know About Migration? • False. • Although the term “unauthorized immigrant” refers to a U.S. resident who is not a citizen of this country, who has not been admitted for permanent residence, or who does not have an authorized temporary status that permits longer-term residence and work, some “unauthorized immigrants” originally entered the country with valid visas but overstayed their visas’ expiration dates, or otherwise violated the terms of their admission.

  10. How Much Do You Know About Migration? • True or False? • The percentage of unauthorized immigrant workers in white-collar occupations has risen substantially in the 2000s.

  11. How Much Do You Know About Migration? • False. • Unauthorized immigrant workers continue to be underrepresented in white-collar occupations such as management, business, and professional occupations and overrepresented in occupational categories (such as farming, cleaning, construction, and food preparation) that typically require less education and have no licensing requirements.

  12. Polling Question • If you could live anywhere in the United States that you wanted to, would you prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm? • City • Suburban area • Small town • Farm

  13. Growth in the World’s Population

  14. Leading Causes of Death in the United States

  15. Migration Two types of movement: Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

  16. Population Pyramid A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age.

  17. Polling Question • There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have. • Strongly agree • Agree somewhat • Unsure • Disagree somewhat • Strongly disagree

  18. Population Composition • The biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household. • The sex ratio is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population. • A sex ratio of 100 indicates an equal number of males and females in the population. • A number greater than 100, indicates there are more males than females; if it is less than 100, there are more females than males.

  19. Theories of Population Growth The Malthusian Perspective The Marxist Perspective The Neo-Malthusian Perspective Demographic Transition Theory

  20. Malthusian Perspective If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, …). The food supply would increase by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).

  21. Marxist Perspective Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

  22. The Neo-Malthusian Perspective Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. People should be encouraging zero population growth.

  23. Demographic Transition Theory Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

  24. Demographic Transition Theory Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

  25. Demographic Transition Theory

  26. Percentage of people living in cities 2009

  27. Emergence and Evolution of the City The earliest humans are believed to have emerged anywhere from 40,000 to 1,000,000 years ago. Scholars date the development of the first city between 3500 and 3100 BCE.

  28. Three preconditions must be present in order for a city to develop Three preconditions: A favorable physical environment. An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus. A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.

  29. Preindustrial Cities The largest preindustrial city was Rome. By 100 C.E., it may have had a population of 650,000 (Chandler and Fox, 1974). Crowded housing conditions and a lack of adequate sewage facilities increased the hazards from plagues and fires, and death rates were high. Food supplies were limited. Migration to the city was difficult.

  30. Industrial Cities • The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of the city. • Factories attract workers from rural area. • Rapidly developing transportation technology brings more of them, and from farther away. • Urban populations mushroom. • The metropolis is born • A central city and suburbs that dominate the cultural and economic life of a region.

  31. Post Industrial Cities Economies gradually shift from secondary (manufacturing) production to tertiary (service and information-processing) production. Cities increasingly rely on an economic structure that is based on scientific knowledge rather than industrial production, and as a result, a class of professionals and technicians grows in size and influence.

  32. Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models

  33. Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models

  34. Three Models of the City

  35. Gender Regimes in Cities Different cities have different gender regimes: How women and men should think, feel, and act. How access to positions and control of resources should be managed. How women and men should relate to each other.

  36. Simmel's View of City Life Urban life is stimulating; it shapes people's thoughts and actions. Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement with each other and try to ignore events taking place around them. Urban living can be liberating - people have opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

  37. Gans's Urban Villagers Five categories of urban dwellers: Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers, musicians, and professionals who live in the city to be close to its cultural facilities. Unmarried people and childless couples live in the city to be close to work and entertainment.

  38. Gans's Urban Villagers Ethnic villagers live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. The deprived are poor people with dim future prospects. The trapped are downwardly mobile persons, older persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city.

  39. Suburbs Since World War II, the U.S. population has shifted as people moved to the suburbs. Suburbanites rely on urban centers for employment but pay property taxes to suburban governments and school districts.

  40. Conflict Perspective: Political Economy Models

  41. Conflict Perspective: Political Economy Models

  42. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Urbanism

  43. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Urbanism

  44. The World’s Ten Largest Metropolises

  45. Growth of the World’s Population

  46. Quick Quiz

  47. 1. The movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency is called: • emigration • traveling • migration • immigration

  48. Answer: D The movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency is called immigration.

  49. 2. The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere is called: • immigration • migration • emigration • traveling

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