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Hard Probes: Past, Present and Future

Hard Probes: Past, Present and Future. James Dunlop Brookhaven National Laboratory. The Promise of Jet Tomography. Simplest way to establish the properties of a system Calibrated probe Calibrated interaction Suppression pattern tells about density profile Heavy ion collisions

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Hard Probes: Past, Present and Future

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  1. Hard Probes: Past, Present and Future James Dunlop Brookhaven National Laboratory High pT conference, Finland

  2. The Promise of Jet Tomography • Simplest way to establish the properties of a system • Calibrated probe • Calibrated interaction • Suppression pattern tells about density profile • Heavy ion collisions • Hard processes serve as calibrated probe • Suppression provides density measure + = High pT conference, Finland

  3. Binary collision scaling p+p reference Application to Heavy Ion Collisions: Initial Results Strong suppression in Au+Au collisions, no suppresion in d+Au: Effect is due to interactions between the probe and the medium Established use as a probe of the density of the medium Conclusion (at the time): medium is dense (50-100x nuclear matter density) PHENIX: Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 072301 STAR: Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 072304 PHOBOS: Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 072302 BRAHMS: Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 072303 High pT conference, Finland

  4. Calibrated Probe: Hard Interactions S.S. Adler et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 241803 • Hard interactions well understood in perturbative QCD • Factorization holds • PDF (initial) x NLO x FF (final) • Example: p0 production well reproduced down to 2 GeV • Numerous other examples • p0 in the forward direction, STAR PRL 92 (2004) 1718 STAR PRL 97 (2006) 152302. • proton production in p+p, STAR PLB 637, (2006)161. • Direct g production PHENIX PRD 71 (2005) 071102 • Jet production in p+p, STAR PRL 97 (2006) 252001 • Significant uncertainties in the calculations, so for precision the baseline needs to be measured p+p→p0+X KKP Fragmentation (Data – pQCD)/pQCD High pT conference, Finland

  5. Calibrated Probe? Initial state First look run 3, STAR PRL 97, 152302 (2006). • Initial conditions may not be trivial at forward y at RHIC, at mid-y at the LHC • Definitive tests of CGC picture with in run 8 d+Au with the STAR FMS • Wide pseudorapidity range for monojet search (-1 < h < 4, Ep up to 60 GeV/c) • Covers xmin>10-3 in standard factorization; reach much lower x in CGC framework High pT conference, Finland

  6. Central RAA Data Increasing density The Limitations of RAA: “Fragility” K.J. Eskola, H. Honkanken, C.A. Salgado, U.A. Wiedemann, Nucl. Phys. A747 (2005) 511 Surface bias leads effectively to saturation of RAA with density Challenge: Increase sensitivity to the density of the medium A. Dainese, C. Loizides, G. Paic, Eur. Phys. J. C38(2005) 461 High pT conference, Finland

  7. Precision (and its limits) C. Loizides hep-ph/0608133v2 J. Lajoie [PHENIX] QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  8. Black and White S.S. Adler et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 232301 (2005) • Medium extremely black to hadrons, limiting sensitivity to density • Medium transparent to photons (white): no sensitivity • Is there something grey? High pT conference, Finland

  9. Calibrated Interaction? Grey Probes • Problem: interaction with the medium so strong that information lost: “Black” • Significant differences between predicted RAA, depending on the probe • Experimental possibility: recover sensitivity to the properties of the medium by varying the probe Wicks et al, nucl-ex/0512076 High pT conference, Finland

  10. 200 GeV p+p Gluons vs Quarks: Method • q jets or g jets gluon jet contribution to protons is significantly larger than to pions at high pT in p+p collisions at RHIC; pbar/ < 0.1 from quark jet fragmentation at low beam energy .STAR Collaboration, PLB 637, 161 (2006). • From Kretzer fragmentation function, the g/q jet contribution is similar to AKK. S. Kretzer, PRD 62, 054001 (2000). High pT conference, Finland

  11. Gluons vs. Quarks: Results • Gluons should lose more energy than quarks • Pions have larger quark contribution than protons • SO, Protons should be more suppressed than pions • Experimentally NOT observed: equal suppression for pT>6 GeV/c • Perhaps: If medium already black to quarks, can’t be blacker than black • Other methods to be tried: kinematics in h (as done in e.g. dijet Sivers) gluon jet quark jet quark jet STAR Collaboration, PRL 97 (152301) 2006 High pT conference, Finland

  12. Suppression of Charm/Beauty STAR, submitted to PRL, nucl-ex/0607012 PHENIX, submitted to PRL, nucl-ex/0611018 • Unexpectedly strong suppression of non-photonic electrons a major issue • Calls into question the calibration of the interaction of the probe with the medium • Uncertainties in B contribution: need to measure c and b separately High pT conference, Finland

  13. Correlations • WMAP: 10-5 level • One sample • Only photons • Well-defined separation of sources • RHIC: 10-1 to 10-3 level • Multiple samples • Multiple probes • Model dependence in separation of sources • quite a few “two-component” models, with different components High pT conference, Finland

  14. Interpreting Correlations T. Renk, nucl-ex/0602045 Geometric biases:Hadrons: surface Di-hadrons: tangential, but depending on Eloss can probe deeply Charm-hadron, and especially Beauty-hadron(B): depends on Eloss Note: b and c produced in pairs, B and C decay into multiple hadrons Gamma-hadrons: Precise kinematics, back to surface Beyond reaction of probe to medium, also reaction of medium to probe High pT conference, Finland

  15. Dijets from dihadrons 8 < pT(trig) < 15 GeV/c pT(assoc)>6 GeV STAR PRL 97 (2006) 162301 d+Au Au+Au 20-40% Au+Au 0-5% 1/Ntrig dN/d(Df) • NOT background subtracted: no ambiguities from background model • At high trigger pT, high associated pT: • clear jet-like peaks seen on near and away side in central Au+Au High pT conference, Finland

  16. Modification of Clean Signals Away-side yield strongly suppressed (almost) to level of RAA No dependence on zT in measured range No modification in shape in transverse or longitudinal direction The jets you can see cleanly are also in some sense the least modified STAR PRL 97 (2006) 162301 High pT conference, Finland

  17. near STAR preliminary away AA/pp Leading hadrons pT (GeV/c) Medium Where does the energy go? • Lower the associated pT to search for radiated energy • Additional energy at low pT BUT no longer collimated into jets Active area: additional handles on the properties of the medium? Mach shocks, Cherenkov cones … e.g. Renk and Ruppert, Phys. Rev. C 73 (2006) 011901 0-12% 200 GeV Au+Au PHENIX preliminary STAR, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 152301 M. Horner, QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  18. d+Au, 40-100% Au+Au, 0-5% Dh-Df Correlations Phys. Rev. C73 (2006) 064907 mid-central Au+Au pt < 2 GeV • In Au+Au: broadening of the near-side correlation in  • Seen in multiple analyses • Number correlations at low pT • PRC73 (2006) 064907 • PT correlations at low pT, for multiple energies • Major source of pT fluctuations • J. Phys. G 32, L37 (2006) • J. Phys. G 34, 451 (2007) • Number correlations at intermediate pT • PRC 75, 034901 (2007) • Number correlations with trigger particles up to 8 GeV/c • D. Magestro, HP2005 • J. Putschke, QM2006 Dr/√rref 0.8< pt < 4 GeV STAR PRC 75(2007) 034901 3 < pT(trig) < 6 GeV2 < pT(assoc) < pT(trig) High pT conference, Finland

  19. Dh-Df Two-Component Ansatz     3<pt,trigger<4 GeV pt,assoc.>2 GeV • Study near-side yields • Study away-side correlated yields and shapes • Components • near-side jet peak • near-side ridge • v2 modulated background Au+Au 0-10% preliminary Strategy:Subtract  from  projection: isolate ridge-like correlation Definition of “ridge yield”: ridge yield := Jet+Ridge()  Jet() Can also subtract large . High pT conference, Finland

  20. Jet+Ridge ()Jet () Jet) preliminary yield,) Npart The h “Ridge” + “Jet” yield vs Centrality 3<pt,trigger<4 GeV pt,assoc.>2 GeV Jörn Putschke, QM2006 Au+Au 0-10% preliminary “Jet” yield constant with Npart p+p. low pT Number correlations Au+Au. low pT pT correlations Reminder from pT<2 GeV: h elongated structure already in minbias AuAu f elongation in p-p  to h elongation in AuAu. Dr/√rref STAR, PRC 73, 064907 (2006) High pT conference, Finland

  21. Extending the ridge: correlations to Dh=5 Trigger: 3<pTtrig<4 GeV/c, A.FTPC: 0.2<pTassoc< 2 GeV/c, A.TPC: 0.2<pTassoc< 3 GeV/c 2.7<|hassoc|<3.9 AuAu 0-10% AuAu 0-5% AuAu 60-80% STAR Preliminary STAR Preliminary Trigger on mid-h, associated particle high h (reverse of FMS) Near-side correlation: consistent with zero (within large v2 errors) Away-side correlations are very similar (when scaled) Energy loss picture is the same for mid- and forward h? Levente Molnar, QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  22. STAR preliminary near Medium away mach cone near 0-12% 200 GeV Au+Au Medium away deflected jets How to interpret shape modifications? Hard-soft: away-side spectra approaching the bulk. Deflected jets, Mach-cone shock waves, Cherenkov radiation, completely thermalized momentum conservation, or…? • M. Horner, QM2006 STAR Collaboration, PRL 95,152301 (2005) High pT conference, Finland

  23. d+Au Δ2 0-12% Au+Au 0-12% Au+Au: jet v2=0 Δ2 off-diagonal projection Δ1 Δ1 Df=(Df1-Df2)/2 Three particle correlations • Two Analysis Approaches: • Cumulant Method • Unambiguous evidence for true three particle correlations. • Two-component Jet+Flow-Modulated Background Model • Within a model dependent analysis, evidence for conical emission in central Au+Au collisions pTtrig=3-4 GeV/c pTassoc=1-2 GeV/c C. Pruneau, QM2006 J. Ulery, HP2006 and poster, QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  24. Electron-Hadron Correlations • Fit e-h correlation with PYTHIA Ds and Bs • Non-zero B contribution • Contribution consistent with FONLL • Model dependent (PYTHIA) • Depends mainly on kinematics of D/B decay (not on Fragmentation). • Just getting started • e.g. A. Mischke e-D0 correlations, WW07 p+p 200 GeV Xiaoyan Lin, QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  25. RHIC Future at RHIC: “RHIC II” STAR HFT • RHIC: luminosity + upgraded detectors for precision • Beauty: last hope for a “grey” probe; needs detector upgrades to both STAR and PHENIX to isolate from charm • g-jet: precision probe of energy loss • Upsilon: precision tests of Debye screening with a “standard candle” Previous Au Run, year 4 PHENIX VTX High pT conference, Finland

  26. Full Barrel Time-of-Flight system Forward Meson Spectrom. STAR Upgrades DAQ and TPC-FEE upgrade light hadron flow initial state Forward GEM tracker heavy flavor Integrated Tracking Upgrade HFT pixel detector Inner silicon tracker High pT conference, Finland

  27. NCC NCC HBD MPC MPC VTX & FVTX Upgraded PHENIX Acceptance EMCAL 0 f coverage 2p EMCAL -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 rapidity (i) p0 and direct g with additional EM calorimeters (NCC, MPC) (ii) heavy flavor with silicon vertex tracker (VTX, FVTX) (i)+(ii) for large acceptance g-jet (iii) low mass dileptons (HBD) High pT conference, Finland

  28. STAR Preliminary Golden Probe: Towards g-jet in Au+Au From 30 ub-1 Upgraded RHIC II: 30 nb-1/year • Direct g does not couple to medium or fragment into jets • No surface bias on trigger, full kinematics of hard collision • But: luminosity hungry, and backgrounds from p0 and fragmentation g DATA STATISTICS WILL INCREASE BY FACTOR of 1000 in one year at RHIC II STAR QM05, T. Dietel, nucl-ex/0510046 High pT conference, Finland

  29. Spectra for DIRECT -tagged events Use g-enriched sample: plot away-side pT-spectra for photon-tagged events (after subtracting 0-hadron correlations) Promising for future g-jet Reminder: spin will measure asymmetries that are ~1% From p+p 2 pb-1, half acceptance Equivalent p+p luminosity in 30 nb-1 Au+Au = 1 fb-1: factor of 1000 in one year at RHIC II! Subhasis Chattopadhyay,QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  30. Comparison of events/year STAR & upgraded PHENIX W.Vogelsang NLO RHIC II L= 20nb-1 LHC: 1 month run p0 suppression at RHIC & LHC Note crossing point at RHIC only NB: large g/p0 at RHIC → direct g is ideal probe! B. Jacak,QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  31. MULTI-particle correlations: events per year: ≥10 GeV g + 2h (pT > pT,min) STAR & upgraded PHENIX Many 3 particle coincidence events (pT>pT,reco)! Full jet reconstruction may be feasible Jet energies lower than LHC… B. Jacak,QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  32. 10-20 GeV: Effects of the Medium Most Apparent STAR PRL nucl-ex/0604018 Majumder, et al. hep-ph/0611135 pT trigger > 8 GeV/c energy loss by 20 GeV jets accessible at RHIC (& interpretable) High pT conference, Finland

  33. More Beauty:  signal in p+p STAR Preliminary p+p 200 GeV • e+e- Minv • Unlike-Sign Pairs • Like-Sign Pairs STAR Preliminary p+p 200 GeV e+e- Minv Background Subtracted • Large dataset sampled in Run VI • Only limitation to the trigger is luminosity • Analyzed 5.6 pb-1, with corrections. FACTOR 200x at RHIC II • Measure (1s+2s+3s) ds/dy at y=0 Pibero Djawotho, QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  34. Mid-rapidity (1s+2s+3s) Cross section STAR Preliminary p+p 200 GeV Counts • Integrate yield at mid-rapidity: |y|<0.5 • (1s+2s+3s) BR * ds/dy • 91 ± 28 stat ± 22 syst pb-1 (Preliminary) • Consistent with NLO pQCD calculations at midrapidity. • Trigger ready for next run and RHIC II: luminosity limited ds/dy (nb) y Pibero Djawotho, QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  35. Annual yields at RHIC II & LHC from Tony Frawley RHIC Users mtg. at LHC: (10-50) x s ~10% of L 25% running time High pT conference, Finland

  36. RHIC Separation into Upsilon States • At LHC: all 3 states may be suppressed (+coalescence) • At RHIC: 1S state clean, likely not suppressed • Separation of 2S+3S from 1S challenging, but likely possible • STAR at mid-y • PHENIX with FVTX at forward y • Investigating methods to increase capabilities • STAR MTD (muons at mid-y) to remove Bremsstrahlung +HFT+IST for pT resolution Shape analysis p+p vs. Au+Au STAR Sim: TPC only High pT conference, Finland

  37. Conclusion • Jet Quenching well established • Moving towards the quantitative • Separate by parton species in search of a grey probe • Track lost energy and its interaction with the medium with two- and multi-particle correlations • Watershed in coming years from RHIC II luminosity upgrade and detector upgrades • Precision studies with g, b, c, and associated multi-hadron correlations • Complementary, competitive, and in some ways superior, to LHC High pT conference, Finland

  38. Towards g-jet: (g,p0)-h Df Correlation analysis p+p From p+p collisions run 5, 2 pb-1 p0 Mixed Photon Use “shower-shapes” in EMC: Create two samples Enriched photon sample (mix g, p0) Enriched p0 sample (almost pure p0) Reduction in near angle peak in Photon sample Away-side yields only slightly reduced Effect more prominent for larger Ettrigger See Subhasis Chattopadhyay, QM2006 High pT conference, Finland

  39. Preliminary Away-Side: pTtrig Dependence 1.3 < pTassoc < 1.8 GeV/c Away-side: • Structures depend on range of pT. • becomes flatter with increasing pTtrig • yield increases AuAu 0-12% Central contribution to away-side becomes more significant with harder pTtrig => fills dip Mark Horner, QM2006 6.0 < pTtrig < 10.0 GeV/c 3.0 < pTtrig < 4.0 GeV/c 4.0 < pTtrig < 6.0 GeV/c 0-12% Away side High pT conference, Finland

  40. Calibrated Interaction: Radiative energy loss in dense matter Bjorken, Baier, Dokshitzer, Mueller, Pegne, Schiff, Gyulassy, Levai, Vitev, Zhakarov, Wang, Wang, Salgado, Wiedemann,… Multiple soft interactions: Gluon bremsstrahlung Opacity expansion: • Strong dependence of energy loss on gluon density glue: • measure DE color charge density at early hot, dense phase Other formalisms since then, but all agree that the relevant parameter is the density High pT conference, Finland

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