Chapter 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 1550-1800 https://youtube/watch?v=CVmNvCeKjrg

1. I. The Scientific Revolution A big part of the scientific revolution was the changes in the way Europeans looked at themselves and their world. Chapter 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 1550-1800https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVmNvCeKjrg

2. “Natural philosophers” as medieval scientists were known, did not make observations of the natural world. Relied on ancient authorities like Aristotle for their scientific knowledge. A. Causes of the Scientific Revolution

3. Impact of the Renaissance Renaissance humanists had mastered Greek as well as Latin. This allowed them access to newly discovered works by Ptolemy,(TAH luhmee) Archimedes and Plato. • New technology and mathematics Technical problems that required careful observation and accurate measurements served to stimulate scientific activity. Invention of new instruments like the telescopeand microscopemade new discoveries possible. The printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily. Mathematicsplayed a key role in the scientific achievements. Modern day, studied olden days, and developed new theories that became the foundation of the Science Revolution.

4. B. Scientific Break through Discoveries in astronomy led to a new conception of the universe. Say what !!!!

5. Thissystem is geocentric because it places Earth at the center of the universe. Thetenth sphere is the “prime mover.” Beyond the tenth sphere is heaven, where gods resides. The Church would like this view of the universe. 1. The Ptolemaic System

6. Nicolas Copernicus thought that the universe was heliocentric, or sun centered. He told people the apparent movement of the sun around the Earth was caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis. Johannes Kepler used detailed astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion. Proved that planets orbits were elliptical. (egg shaped) 2. Copernicus and Kepler

7. User of a telescope.Used it to prove sun centerand thatthe heavenly bodies were composed of material substances just like earth. He found himself in conflict with church.Church told him to recant his thoughts as they were against the church doctrines. Most people agreed with Galileo but motion in the universe had not been explained. 3. Galileo’s Discoveries

8. He defined three laws of motion that governed the planetary bodies. Crucial was the universal law of gravitationwhich expands why the planetary bodiescontinue their elliptical orbits about the sun. Explained by force of gravity. He also talked about the world machine concept of the universe. 4. Newton’s View of the Universe

9. Galen, Greek physician from Middle Ages, had dominated teachings here. Many ideas are to be proven wrong. William Harvey showed that the beginning point for the circulation of blood was the heart. 5. Breakthroughs in Medicine

10. Robert Boyle was one of the first to conduct controlledexperiments in chemistry. His work on the properties of gases led to Boyle’s law. Boyle’s law is the volume of gases varies with the pressure exerted on it. Antoine Lavoisier invented a system for naming chemical elements, still used today, founder of modern chemistry. 6. Breakthroughs in Chemistry

11. C. Women’s Contributions

12. 1.Margaret Cavendish Was especially critical of the growing belief that humans through science were the masters of nature. 2. Maria Winkelmann Female astronomer-discovered a comet.

13. D. Philosophy and Reason

14. Descartesbegan by thinking and writing about the doubt and uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere. One fact seemed to him to be beyond doubt-his own existence. He emphasized the importance of his mind. He would accept only those things that reason said were true. “I think. Therefore I am.” Was called the father of modern rationalism.Thissystem of thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge. 1. Descartes and Rationalism

15. Scientific method-systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. Was crucial to evolution of science in the modern world. Was developed by Francis Bacon. Francis Bacon believed that scientist should learn about nature by using inductive reasoning-proceeding from the particular to the general. Was more concerned with practical matters than pure science. Observed natural events, propose a hypotheses(theory), or possible explanation, then do experiments to test theory. This will lead to correct general principle. 2. Bacon and the Scientific Method

16. Sun-centered model of the universe Heliocentric He developed laws of planetary motion Kepler His observations suggested that planets had substance. Galileo Section 1 Review

17. Francis Bacon, who developed the scientific method, was also what? Philosopher This included a systematic procedure, based on collecting and analyzing evidence, and crucial to the evolution of science. Scientific method Section 1 review

18. Egg-shaped Elliptical Law of universal attraction Gravity Proceeding from the particular to the general is called what? Inductive reasoning Section 1 review

19. Rene Descartes believed in one absolute truth, which was? His own existence Rationalism is the belief that reason is the chief source of what? knowledge Section 1 review