Grammar Launch

1. Grammar Launch

2. Questions… Ask lots of them!! • They show courage • They show interest • Examples: “What did you mean when you said the word _________?” “One thing I still don’t understand is___?”

3. What is “Grammar”? Grammar = a way of thinking about language

4. 4 Levels of Analysis We will analyze sentences on four levels. What are the four levels? They are: 1. Parts of Speech 2. Parts of Sentence 3. Phrases 4. Clauses

6. Level 1: Parts of Speech What are the 8 parts of speech? Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Pronoun Preposition Conjunction Interjection

7. What is a noun? Noun Definition: a noun is the name of a person, place or thing. (this includes ideas)

8. Nouns (continued)

9. What is an Adjective? ADJECTIVE: A word that modifies a noun or pronoun. Modify? To modify is to change. Think of a frozen summit. Now think of a political summit. The idea of summit is changed.

10. 3 Degrees of Adjectives

11. Proper Adjectives • Proper adjective are made out of proper nouns. • England makes English. Rome makes Roman. Spain makes Spanish. Articles • The articles are three adjectives: a, an, and the. • Definite Article: the • Indefinite Articles: a and an Possessive Pronouns • We will mark these as adjectives: His, her, my, our, etc.

12. What is an Adverb? An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Sanders swam slowly. Joe is too tall. We read well.

13. What is a Preposition? A Preposition isa word that shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. Relationships of:

14. What is a verb? The verb tells what the noun does: I saw him. He ran away. I will find him. Or what the noun is: I am Mr. McCarthy. You are my students. This is our class. A verb is a word that shows action or links a subject to a subject complement.

15. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs Action Verbs (let’s mark them “AV”) Verbs that show action Linking Verbs (let’s mark them “LV”) Verbs that link subject to subject complements and/or create equations

16. What is a Pronoun? Pronoun = A word that takes the place of a noun. • Pronouns refer. They refer to other nouns. • They make language faster • Example: Hamlet went to New York so that Hamlet could see the Opera. Becomes: Hamlet went to New York so that he could see the Opera.

17. What is a conjunction? Conjunction: a word that joins two words or two groups of words Coordinating Conjunctions: join words of similar importance • They are: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) Subordinating Conjunctions: join something of lesser importance to something of greater importance • Some of them are: if, as, since, when, because (there are more)

18. What is an interjection? Interjection: a word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function Examples: oh, ugh, oof, wow, yes, no, oops • Wow, this car is really nice. • Oops, I put my muddy boots on your couch.

19. That’s all for Parts of Speech!

20. Recap: Quiz Questions • What is a noun? • What is adjective? • What is an adverb? • What is a preposition? • What is a pronoun? • What is a verb? • What is a conjunction? • What is an interjection?

21. What is a sentence?

22. What is a subject?

23. What is a predicate?

24. What is a direct object?

25. Practice

26. What is an indirect object?

27. What is a subject complement?

28. What is an object of preposition? Definition: The noun or object pronoun that the preposition points to The answer to the question: “Under what?” “Behind what?” “With what?” etc. Examples: before dinner, under the table, with my friends, over the rainbow, through the years, for Sally, around the corner

29. How do I know I am finished with the Parts of Sentence section? Follow the recipe. When you’ve followed all the steps, you’re done.

30. 3-Step Recipe • Find the predicate(s) and label it(them). • Find the subject(s) and label it(them). • Decide whether the verb(s) are action or linking, then make one of the following choices:

31. What is a phrase Phrase A group of words without a subject/predicate set that acts like a single part of speech

32. What is a prepositional phrase? Prepositional Phrase A phrase that begins with a preposition and concludes with an object of the preposition

33. What is an appositive phrase? Appositive Phrase An interrupting definition “WE INTERRUPT THIS SENTENCE TO BRING YOU A DEFINITION.” Examples: Botticelli, the renaissance painter, painted angels. Mr. Van Natten, one of the school’s vice principals, is a cool person. I just heard my favorite song, “The Humpty Dance”.

34. What is a gerund phrase? A phrase formed with a gerund (a noun made from an -ing verb) Examples: Thinking deeply is fun. I quit smoking cigarettes. Constantly playing Halo 3 rots Mr. Plotts’ brain. Cycling is a brutal sport. NOTE: When gerunds appear by themselves, we will still label them in the phrase level

35. What is a participial phrase? A phrase formed with a participle (an adjective made out of a verb) and its object • A participle is an -ing, -ed or –en verb made into an adjective. Examples: The river was so swollen. The choppedwood is best for fire. NOTE: When participles appear by themselves, we will still label them in the phrase level

36. What is an infinitive phrase? A phrase formed with an infinitive (a noun or modifier made from the to- form of the verb) They can be adjectives: The book to read is Hamlet. Or the can be nouns. Here it is a direct object: Hamlet loves to read. NOTE: When infinitives appear by themselves, we will still label them in the phrase level