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Structuring an Effective Research Paper: Key Principles of Outline Formation

Crafting a research paper requires a clear and effective outline that adheres to principles of parallelism, coordination, subordination, and division. This guide outlines how to format your headings and subheadings to ensure each thought is presented coherently. Learn how to develop a compelling introduction with a strong thesis statement, construct a well-organized body that supports your thesis, and conclude effectively without introducing new information. Mastering these elements will enhance the clarity and impact of your research paper.

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Structuring an Effective Research Paper: Key Principles of Outline Formation

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  1. Research Paper Outline Correct Format

  2. #1 Parallelism • Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the second heading should be a verb. Example: 1. Choose Desired Colleges 2. Prepare Application • ("Choose" and "Prepare" are both verbs. The present tense of the verb is usually the preferred form for an outline)

  3. #2 Coordination • All the information contained in Heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in Heading 2. The same goes for the subheadings (which should be less significant than the headings). Example: I. Visit and evaluate college campuses II. Visit and evaluate college websites A. Note important statistics B. Look for interesting classes

  4. #3 Subordination • The information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific. Example: I. Describe an influential person in your life A. Favorite high school teacher B. Grandparent

  5. #4 Division • Each heading should be divided into 2 or more parts. Example: A. Compile resume 1. List relevant coursework 2. List work experience 3. List volunteer experience • (The heading "Compile resume" is divided into 3 parts.)

  6. Writing the Rough Draft Things to remember…

  7. Introduction • Hook or motivator that directly relates • to your topic (general quote or interesting fact).

  8. Introduction • Blueprint– the main points that you will be addressing in this paper

  9. Introduction • Thesis – The most important sentence in • your paper. It should clearly state your opinion • and not be a statement of fact.

  10. The body of your paper includes the following main points. • Tie arguments/information back to thesis

  11. Body of Paper • Why is the information you just shared • important to your thesis?

  12. Body of Paper • How does the information support your thesis? • Be able to answer the So What? question

  13. Body of Paper • Include counter-argument / refute effectively

  14. The conclusion of your paper should leave the reader knowing and understanding how you arrived at your thesis.

  15. Conclusion • Review Main Points 1. Do not bring new information into your conclusion

  16. Conclusion • Reword Thesis • Closing Statement

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