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Unit 7 – Ch. 9. MEMORY - ENCODING. Chapter 9: Memory. Memory. Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information. Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences. Vivid Memories.
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Unit 7 – Ch. 9 MEMORY - ENCODING
Memory • Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information. • Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences.
Vivid Memories • Flashbulb Memories: clear memory of an emotionally significant event or moment. • Usually personally meaningful or historically significant. • 9/11 • Birth of a child • Graduation • Natural disasters
Memory as Information Processing • Memory is similar to a computer (write to file, save to disk, read from disk). • 3 Basic Steps to Memory: • Encoding: getting information into the memory system. • File Cabinet • Needs to be organized • Storage: the retention of the encoded information over time. • Retrieval: process of getting information out of the memory system.
Three Stage Processing Model of Memory • Stage One: The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as sensory memory. • Stage Two: sensory memories are processed into short term memory your activated memory which can only hold a minimal amount of information. • Stage Three: short term memories are encoded into long-term memory, the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse from which we retrieve.
Concept of Working Memory • Working Memory: similar to short-term memory but focuses more on manipulation of information. • Working Memory and Short-Term Memory are both quite limited in capacity and duration. • You can only hold so much information in your working memory at one given time. • Magic Number tends to be 7 +/- 2.
Encoding Effortful Automatic Process of Encoding: 2 Types
Types of Encoding • Automatic Processing • unconscious encoding of incidental information • space • time • frequency • well-learned information • word meanings • we can learn automatic processing • reading backwards
Automatic Processing: Reading Backwards • Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice becomes automatic. • .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE • Automatic processing allows us to do multiple things at once and re-illustrates the concept of parallel processing.
Effortful Processing • Effortful Processing: type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc. • Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more successfully by elaborate rehearsal: processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories.
King of Memory Experiments is Hermann Ebbinghaus • Wanted to research capacity of verbal memory. • Looked to study to see capacity of peoples’ memories to study strings of non-sense syllables. • Ex: JIH, FUB, YOX, XIR,
General Findings • 1. Next in Line Effect- don’t concentrate/remember when you know you are going to have to speak next • 2. Info right before we sleep is not remembered • 3. Taped info is not remembered
Findings of Ebbinghaus • 4. Practice makes perfect. The more rehearsal he did on day 1, the less rehearsal it took to learn the syllables again on day 2. Over learning increased retention. • 5. The Spacing Effect: the tendency for studying over a long period of time produces better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. SPACED STUDYING BEATS CRAMMING!!!
Findings of Ebbinghaus • 6. Serial Position Effect: our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Ex: Presidents
Types of Encoding • Semantic Encoding: encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words… • yields best memory. • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words…. • usually the least effective. • “if the glove doesn’t fit , you must acquit” • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. • Self Reference Effect- do better on things we relate back to ourselves
Example • 1. Is the word in capital letters? • Visual • 2. Does the word rhyme with train? • Acoustic • 3. Would the word GUN fit in this sentence. The girl put the ___ on the table • Semantic
Encoding Imagery • Imagery: creating mental pictures, helps effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding. • Recall of events is often colored by highest joys and lowest lows of events…usually remember events differently than you evaluated them at the time. • Mneumonics: memory aids, often use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • organizing items into familiar, manageable units • like horizontal organization- 1776149218121941 • 1776 1492 1812 1941 • Phone numbers • often occurs automatically • use of acronyms • HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior • A way to get over the 7 +/- 2 rule
Process of Chunking: Organized Information is More Easily Remembered
Encoding (automatic or effortful) Meaning (semantic Encoding) Imagery (visual Encoding) Organization Chunks Hierarchies Hierarchies • complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories • Organized info. is remembered better
Demo 2 • Bed Quilt Dark Silence Fatigue Clock Snoring Night Toss Tired Night Toss Tired Night artichoke Turn Night Rest Dream