Unit 3: Human Biology Chapter 7: Nutrition

1. Unit 3: Human BiologyChapter 7: Nutrition Food – Glorious - Food! Nutrients and the evolution of the digestive system.

2. A. Nutrition 1. Nutrition = ___________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ - Foods supply the organism with _______ and ________ necessary for survival - Poor nutrition leads to ___________________________ 2. Nutrients = ___________________________________________

3. a) _________________________ 1) Function: Main source of ___________  respiration 4 calories / gram 2) Foods: - __________ – fruits, candy, cookies  ___________________ _________, fructose, dextrose, sucrose Easily broken down – quick source of energy (dangerous to blood sugar) - _____________ – grains, potatoes  ____________________ Complex Carbohydrates = big starches, long time to digest Whole Grains ___________ / Roughage = indigestible carbohydrates (cellulose) 3) Digestion: ____________  ____________  ____________ Store energy: monosachharides ______________ (animal starch) Glycogen stored in the liver

5. b) ________________________ 1) Function: ________ body organs, ___________ the body, ________ energy, __________________, hormones - 9 calories / gram 2) Foods: oils, butter, meats - no more than 30% of calories from fat - _____________________________

6. 3) Digestion: Lipids break down into ___________________________ Fatty Acids Glycerol

7. c) ____________________ 1) Function: materials for ____________________, structure, characteristics, regulation, transport, enzymes, hormones 2) Foods: meats, eggs, beans, rice, nuts 3) Digestion: - ____________  _______________ - There are 20 amino acids used in the body - Your cells can make 12 of them 8 are an essential part of the diet: methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, lysine - Without eating the 8 amino acids you could not survive complete proteins

9. d) Minerals – inorganic molecules

10. e) Vitamins - organic molecules - often work with enzymes as coenzymes f) ______ – necessary for chemical reactions

11. g) calorie - measurement of the _______ _______________ - the amount of energy needed to raise 1 mL of water 10C - the back of the food label really measures kilocalories (Calories) - average person eats 2000 – 2500 Calories per day

12. Which is the better food for you to eat and why?

13. B. Human Nutrition 1. Digestion - Digestion is the conversion of ________________________ into ________________________________ = __________________ a) Extra cellular vs. Intra cellular - Digestive System is designed for extra cellular digestion - ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ - Ingestion – ____________________________________ - Digestion – ____________________________________ - Egestion – ____________________________________ - Intracellular digestion is when the materials are broken down inside of cells

14. b) Mechanical digestion vs. Chemical digestion - Mechanical Digestion = ______________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ - Chemical Digestion = ________________________________ ___________________________________________________ requires the use of ______________  _________________

15. 2. Human Digestive System Alimentary Canal – Gastro Intestinal Tract (GI)

16. a) Mouth – start of the digestive system, opening to the environment 1) Teeth – chewing – cutting - crushing – tearing of food ______________________ making food into smaller pieces 2) Tongue – tastes food, helps to move food around the mouth 3) Saliva – secreted by _______________, moistens food to ease it through the digestive system - contains – _______________ – starts the ________________ of ________________________________________ ex: crackers

17. b) Pharynx – back of the throat 1) ___________________ – flap of muscular tissue used to direct food down the esophagus

18. c) Esophagus – food tube 1) peristalsis = muscular contractions used to push food into the stomach  the GI tract is lined with muscle for peristalsis  smooth muscle - involuntary 2) eat upside down

19. d) Stomach – muscular, expandable sac 1) Sphincters = _______________________________________ _________________________________________________ 2) Gastric Glands – ____________ = combination of __________ ________ and ________________ 3) Chemical digestion – ___________ breaks down __________ into ___________________ HCl acid also helps to _______________________________ 4) Mechanical Digestion – stomach muscles ________, contracts, and churns the chyme (food mass)

21. e) Small Intestine – small because it is ________, it is over 20 ft long 1) __________________________________ of all foods liver and pancreas make enzymes and chemicals used for the digestion of food - Liver – makes ___________; stored in the gallbladder bile _________ fat  turns into small droplets so enzymes can work on it - Pancreas ______________ – chemically digests ________________ ______________ – chemically digests ________________ ______________ – chemically digests ________________ ______________ – chemically digests ________________ Sodium Bicarbonate – neutralizes stomach acid

23. 2) ________________________________ - lining of the small intestine is covered with ____________ which are covered in ____________________ - Why have all these extra folds and projections in the SI? - Increase ________________ – can absorb more nutrients into the blood - How do nutrients get into the blood? - ___________________

25. f) Large Intestine - aka _________________ - undigested nutrient free material leaves the small intestine and enters the large intestine  much wider, but shorter 1) ____________________ from chyme 2) ________________ – used to house bacteria to digest cellulose Humans don’t use it any more 3) _______________ – make vitamins – _______________ 4) ________________

26. 1. What are the functions of the digestive system? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. In what organ does digestion begin? Which enzyme is involved? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. In what organ are proteins first digested? Which enzyme is involved? __________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the products of protein digestion in this organ? _________________________________

27. 5. What role does the liver play in digestion? ______________________________________________________________________ 6. Into which organ does food pass into after it leaves the stomach? What occurs there? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What is the contribution of the pancreas in digestion? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the function of the large intestine? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

28. 3. Digestive System Diseases and Disorders a) ___________________ (Heart Burn) the esophageal sphincter does not close – when the stomach churns  _______________ comes back up the esophagus – burns the wall of the esophagus - _______________ (anti acid) – stop burning b) ___________________ ___________________________________________________ _____________________ no longer protects the organs - caused by bacteria and ____________

29. c) _________________________________ large intestine absorbs _________________________ dehydration usually caused by bacteria d) ______________________ anorexia – ____________________ bulimia – _____________________ generally psychological intake of less than 500 calories per day e) __________________ missing some component of the diet f) __________________ ___________________ – body stores extra energy not necessarily caused by over eating

30. g) __________________ Build up of hardened __________ in the gall bladder h) __________________ _______________________  could cause it to burst