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Chapter 8.2: Nucleic Acid Structure

Chapter 8.2: Nucleic Acid Structure. CHEM 7784 Biochemistry Professor Bensley. CHAPTER 8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure. Structure of double stranded DNA Structures of ribonucleic acids. Today’s Objectives – (To learn and understand the). Central Dogma of Biology. Nucleotides and Nucleosides.

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Chapter 8.2: Nucleic Acid Structure

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  1. Chapter 8.2: Nucleic Acid Structure CHEM 7784 Biochemistry Professor Bensley

  2. CHAPTER 8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure • Structure of double stranded DNA • Structures of ribonucleic acids Today’s Objectives – (To learn and understand the)

  3. Central Dogma of Biology

  4. Nucleotides and Nucleosides • Nucleobase= Nitrogeneous base • Nucleoside = Nitrogeneous base + Pentose • Nucleotide = Nitrogeneous base + Pentose + Phosphate

  5. Covalent Structure of DNA (1868-1935) • Friedrich Miescher isolates “nuclein” from cell nuclei • Hydrolysis of nuclein: • phosphate • pentose • and a nucleobase • Chemical analysis: • phosphodiester linkages • pentose is ribofuranoside Structure of DNA: 1929 (Levene and London) Structure of DNA: 1935 (Levene and Tipson)

  6. Road to the Double Helix • Franklin and Wilkins: • “Cross” means helix • “Diamonds” mean that the phosphate-sugar backbone is outside • Calculated helical parameters • Watson and Crick: • Missing layer means alternating pattern (major & minor groove) • Hydrogen bonding: A pairs with T G pairs with C Double helix fits the data! Watson, Crick, and Wilkins shared 1962 Nobel Prize Franklin died in 1958

  7. Watson-Crick Model of B-DNA

  8. Structure of DNA Double Helix • Right handed helix • Rise = 0.33 nm/nucleotide • Pitch = 3.4 nm / turn • 10.4 nucleotides per turn • Two groves – major and minor

  9. Complementarity of DNA strands • Two chains differ in sequence (sequence is read from 5’ to 3’) • Two chains are complementary • Two chains run antiparallel

  10. View down the Double Helix Hydrophobic Interior with base pair stacking Sugar-phosphate backbone

  11. Replication of Genetic Code • Strand separation occurs first • Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand • Synthesis is catalyzed by enzymes known as DNA polymerases • Newly made DNA molecule has one daughter strand and one parent strand. “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material” Watson and Crick, in their Nature paper,1953

  12. DNA Secondary Structure

  13. Palindromic Sequences can form Hairpins and Cruciforms

  14. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – integral part of ribosomes (very abundant) • Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries activated amino acids to ribosomes. • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – endcodes sequences of amino acids in proteins. • Catalytic RNA (Ribozymes) – catalzye cleavage of specific RNA species.

  15. Messenger RNA: Code Carrier for the Sequence of Proteins • Is synthesized using DNA template • Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose • Contains uracil instead of thymine • One mRNA may code for more than one protein

  16. Transfer RNA: Matching Amino Acids with the mRNA Code tRNA molecules have quite complex structures, this is an actively studied field

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