Unit 6: Crises and Achievements (1900-1945)

1. Unit 6: Crises and Achievements (1900-1945) Global History II Review

2. Science and Technology • Medical advancements are made • Standard of living improves • Better wages for workers and conditions • Increase in population (healthier/ safer) • New Scientific theories developed • Radioactivity (Nuclear energy) • Einstein and Freud

3. World War I • Causes (1914-1918) • Nationalism- pride in one’s country • Militarism- increase in militaries to protect • Imperialism- conquering territories • Alliances- joining forces incase of attack • War began when Arch Duke was killed • Balkans were a “powder keg” of tension and started the war by each country joining in

4. World War I • Alliances formed across Europe • Central Powers (Triple Alliance) • Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire • Allied Powers (Triple Entente) • Britain, France, Russia, Later Italy, Japan, USA • Industrialized warfare • Trench warfare- dug trenches to fight from • New weapons- machine gun, tank, submarine, airplane, and poison gas

5. World War I • Turning Point of the war when USA joins • Russia withdrew from war (Revolution) • Costs of the war • Tremendous loss of life (more than 8 million) • Economic losses forced Germany to pay reparations for the war (Treaty of Versailles) • Formation of the League of Nations to try and prevent future wars from happening

6. Revolution in Russia • Causes of the Revolution (1917) • Czar Nicholas was an autocratic ruler • Harsh treatment of the people, suppressed reform • Peasants were unhappy with conditions • Diversity among the Russian people inspired nationalism among populations • Revolution of 1905- protesters were attacked • People wanted to get out of World War I

7. Revolution in Russia • Bolshevik Revolution (Communists) • Provisional government was slow to change • Communists promised Peace, Bread, & Land • Lenin Rules Russia • Communists overthrew provisional gov. • Russia drops out of World War I • Civil war between Reds and Whites (czar) • New Economic Policy- governemnt controlled nearly everything in the Soviet economy

8. Revolution in Russia • Joseph Stalin takes over Soviet Russia • Totalitarian dictator launched Great Purge • Russification- promoted Russian culture for everyone living in Russia (non-Russians) • Five-Year Plans to build industry and increase agricultural output • Collectivization created large farms • Forced Famine- starved peasants in Ukraine • Modernized Russia to compete with West

9. Between Wars • Treaty of Versailles • Harsh punishment for Germany • Loss of territory, military restrictions, war guilt • Formation of the League of Nations • Designed to prevent future aggression and wars • Weakened due to refusal of USA to join • Collapse of Empires • Austria-Hungary broke up into several nations • Ottoman Empire lost war and broke up

10. Between Wars • National movements emerged • Turks under Kemal Ataturk Westernized • Iran under Shah Reza Khan Westernized • Pan-Arabism- Arab nations wanted to be free of foreign (European) rule • Zionism- push for a Jewish state in Palestine • Indian Nationalism- wanted independence • Gandhi used civil disobedience to win rights

11. Between Wars • Chinese Nationalism • Economic collapse in China led to revolt • May Fourth Movement- modernize China by turning to the West • Communists emerged (Mao’s Long March) • Civil War between Communists & Nationalists • Women’s Suffrage movement gains vote • Democratic nations give women right to vote

12. Between Wars • World Wide Depression (1929) • Economic problems in Europe from WWI • Interdependency of world economies • Great Depression: collapse of economy • Banks and business closed • People lose faith in capitalism and democracy • Rise of Fascism • Rule a people by dictatorial government

13. Between Wars • Rise of Fascism • Italy: Mussolini promised better economy and gain territory expected after WWI • Germany: Weimer Republic failed (democracy • Inflation created economic problems and gave rise to Hitler • Hitler promised to regain lost territory, fix the economy, rebuild the military • Anti-Semitism rose (hatred toward Jews)

14. Between Wars • Japan becomes a militaristic power in Asia • Depression ended movement toward democracy in Japan • Need for raw materials drove Japan to imperialism and militarism in Pacific region • Expanded into China and Manchuria • Anti-Western feelings • Left League of Nations

15. World War II • Causes of World War II (1939-1945) • Aggressive nature of Italy, Germany, Japan • Japan invaded and took territory in China • Italy attacks Ethiopia (L-N does nothing) • German Aggression: • Rebuilds military, took Rhineland, Austria, and part of Czechoslovakia • Appeasement (give in to an aggressor) • Policy followed by Europeans to prevent war • Start of War: Germany invades Poland ’39

16. World War II • Axis Powers gained territory rapidly • Germans used Blitzkrieg “Lighting War” • Turning points in the war • US enters the war after Pearl Harbor attack • Battle of Stalingrad turned back Germans • Invasion of Normandy by Allies (D-Day) • Battle of Midway in the Pacific

17. World War II • Holocaust: Genocide against Jews • Hitler’s “Final Solution” killed 6 million Jews • World War II Ends • Germany was overrun by Allies and gave up • Americans dropped two atomic bombs on Japan to end the war in the Pacific • Technology of World War II • Jet planes, bomber planes, atomic weapons

18. World War II • Impact of World War II • 75 Million people died world wide in the war • Many cities and economies were in ruins • War Crime trials such as Nuremberg Trials • Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe • United Nations was formed to discuss world problems and develop solutions over war