1. APEH:Rise of the “New Monarchs”

2. The “New Monarchs” • Main idea: From mid-15th to early 16th centuries, monarchs in Western Europe consolidated power and created the foundation for the modern states of England, Spain, and France • NOT absolute rulers – struggled for power with church and nobles • NOT ‘nation-state’ – still no real concept of ‘nationalism’ until 18th c.

3. Characteristics • Reduced power of nobles – taxation, seizing of lands, hiring/building standing armies • Reduced influence of church – put state over church • Created efficient bureaucracies – centralized control by monarch • Increased power of new middle class – bourgeoisie backed monarch

4. FRANCE – Valois • Louis XI(r. 1461-83) – “Universal Spider” • Large standing army, increased taxes, increased control over Church, brutal toward nobles, supported trade & merchants • First ‘modern king’ of France

5. FRANCE - Valois • Francis I (r. 1515-47) – rival to Charles V (HRE) & Henry VIII (ENG) • Taille– direct head tax on land & property • Concordat of Bologna (1516) – king had power to appoint bishops to Church in France • First Euro king to make alliance with Ottoman Empire

6. ENGLAND - Tudor • War of the Roses (1455-77) – York vs. Lancaster • Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) – first Tudor monarch, father of Henry VIII • Star Chamber – secret court to deal with nobles • Banned nobles’ armies • Shared power with Parliament, especially taxation

7. ENGLAND - Tudor • Henry VIII continued to build monarch’s power • Takeover of Church – Anglican • Style of leadership influenced three children who would reign

8. SPAIN - Trastámara • Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1478-1516) & Isabella of Castile (r. 1474-1504) – marriage united Spain • 1492 – Reconquista – final defeat of Moors in Granada & expulsion of all Jews (30-60k expelled) – goal  Christianize all Spain • Expulsion depleted Spain’s new middle class – long-term economic disaster

9. SPAIN - Trastámara • Spanish Inquisition initiated by Isabella prior to Reformation, controlled by monarchy • Tomás de Torquemada monk who led S.I. • Targeted conversos – Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity • By 1500 – Spanish Church strongest in Europe – no Reformation

10. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - Hapsburg • NOT a “new monarchy” • Made up of over 300 semi-independent political entities • Emperor had no centralized control, no power of taxation outside own lands • Maximilian I (r. 1486-1519) – first Hapsburg to rule HRE

11. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - Hapsburg • Charles V – HRE (r. 1519-1556); Charles I – Spain (r. 1516-1556) • Most powerful ruler of 16th c. Europe • “New monarch” in Spain, but not in HRE • Constantly at war during reign – Valois, Muslims, Lutherans

12. Charles V’s Full Title

13. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - Hapsburg • Charles V abdicated in 1556 • Split holdings between brother Ferdinand (HRE) and son Philip (Spain); created two Hapsburg lines • Retired to monastery, died in 1558