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A Flawed Peace

A Flawed Peace. ?. ?. Before WWI. Verdun: Cloister of the Hotel de la Princerie. After WWI. Verdun: Cloister of the Hotel de la Princerie. Before WWI. Village of Esnes. After WWI. Village of Esnes. Before WWI. Palace of Justice, Senlis. After WWI. Palace of Justice, Senlis.

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A Flawed Peace

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  1. A Flawed Peace ? ?

  2. Before WWI Verdun: Cloister of the Hotel de la Princerie

  3. After WWI Verdun: Cloister of the Hotel de la Princerie

  4. Before WWI Village of Esnes

  5. After WWI Village of Esnes

  6. Before WWI Palace of Justice, Senlis

  7. After WWI Palace of Justice, Senlis

  8. Costs of WWI • 8.5+ million people dead • Russia, Germany, France highest losses • Financial crisis: Rebuilding, war debts • Political turmoil: Revolutions, new governments, colonial unrest • Disillusionment: Horrors of war • Influenza

  9. War Over = Peace? • Goal  to find peace • Who started the war? • Should a/the guilty country be punished? • Should a/the treaty be harsh or generous? • How can future war be prevented?

  10. The Fourteen Points, January 1918 • American President Wilson proposed a peace plan called “The Fourteen Points” to prevent the four MAIN causes of war from occurring again: • Included an end to secret treaties (alliances) • Freedom of the seas (militarism) • Free trade (alliances/imperialism) • Arms reduction (militarism) • Self-determination (nationalism/imperialism) • Fair treatment of colonial people (imperialism) • Create League of Nations (international peace-keeping organization that solves problems through diplomacy not war)

  11. Wilson's Draft of the 14 Points

  12. The Fourteen Points, January 1918 • The goals of Wilson’s Fourteen Points were lofty and generous… too lofty and generous for most

  13. League of Nations • One of the Fourteen Points • Collective security – group preserves the peace for all & police the nations of the world • Prevent future wars – settle disputes through diplomacy • Tried to help prevent the causes of the war at the “root” level • Labor/living conditions, health care, employment, nutrition, caring for refugees, etc. • Had different branches (Assembly & a Council) • All nations had one vote

  14. League of Nations • Problem! The League was INEFFECTIVE • Had no power to enforce decisions • No military force or action was taken to punish offending nations • Members could drop out at will • U.S. was NOT a member BUT! The League of Nations became the model for the United Nations.

  15. Paris Peace Conference David Lloyd-George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Georges Clemenceau (France), Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)

  16. QUESTION - What did the four representative nations at the Paris Peace conference have in common? (Think about who they were) • What nations were NOT a part of these talks? • How do you think that made them feel?

  17. Paris Peace Conference • Goals of World Leaders: • Woodrow Wilson* (U.S.) • Wanted the 14 points to outline peace • David Lloyd George* (Britain) • Wanted to punish the Germans • Georges Clemenceau* (France) • Wanted to weaken Germany so it would never be a threat to France again • Vittorio Orlando (Italy) • Wanted the Allies to give them land once ruled by the Ottoman Empire * = main member of the Paris Peace Conference (The Big Three)

  18. The Big Three

  19. Treaty of Versailles Four Main Provisions: • Established a League of Nations (outlined by Wilson’s 14 points) • Territorial Losses for Germany • Military Restrictions for Germany • War Guilt for Germany

  20. Impact on Nations other than the Allies Impact on nations other than Allies: • Russia and all Central Powers – especially Germany – excluded. • Redrew map of Europe in favor of the victors. • In Africa and Asia, people were angry at the way the Allies disregarded their desire for independence (thought they were “full of it” with their talks about self-determination) • Japan and Italy, which had entered the war to gain territory, had gained less than they wanted.

  21. Impact on Germany • Germans forced to sign and had no input. • Germans forced to take full responsibility for the war. War guilt – blamed. • Forced Germany to pay war reparations • ($33 billion to Allies over 30 years) • Limited Germany’s military • size restrictions on army • prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or submarines • forbidden to have an air force • Removed territory from Germany (in Europe and its colonies in Africa & the Pacific)

  22. “A Peace Built on Quicksand?” • League of Nations Failed. • United States Senate never approved or signed the Treaty. • Dominant nation in the world rejected it • Americans wanting U.S. to stay out of European Affairs

  23. Effects of WWI • Widespread Dissatisfaction and Disillusionment with war and peace • Population Movement • Worldwide Economic Depression • Mandate System Established • Territory administered by Western powers in Africa, Asia, and Middle East • New Countries in Eastern Europe • Caused by break-up of Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire

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