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1. World History 600 CE – 1450 CE

   Alyssa Eaves, Cyrus Motanya, Laurel Toskey
2. American Civilizations The Mayans The Maya emerged around 300 CE. They were based in the Olmec culture. Independent city-states and rival kingdoms formed the government structure. Their religion was polytheistic and based in human sacrifice. It greatly influenced the Aztecs. Their society was agriculturally based. Slash and burn methods were replaced by terracing near rivers. The Maya created a written language of hieroglyphs. They excelled in mathematics, astronomy, and architecture. Return to Globe
3. American Civilizations In 968, the Toltecs (a migrant group) took over where the Mayans had left and established the city of Tula. The Toltecs fell to invading people around 1150, and the Aztecs won the ensuing battle. The Aztecs The Aztecs established their city (Tenochtitlan) on an island in lake Texcoco. The Aztecs were built on a system of expansion and tribute. New territories provided food and labor, and war prisoners were human sacrifices. The sun god, Huitzilopochtli, must be given human blood to keep living and giving light. Warriors and priests formed the elite, then craftsmen and merchants, then slaves. Different social classes were separated into calpulli. They were agriculturally based and had no domesticated animals of work. The Great Speaker was a divine emperor. He shared power with a chief advisor and council of the leaders of cities.
4. American Civilizations Return to Globe The Incan By 1350, ayllus (clans) living near Cuzco in the Andean mountains consolidated under a ruler, the Inca. Expansion was driven by the practice of securing wealth and land for a cult of the dead ruler, seen as divine. An important god was the sun god. Several landmarks were considered to be huacas, or holy places. Conquered people were allowed to retain their previous culture and leaders in return for loyalty and labor. Local communities were encouraged to achieve self-sufficiency. Trade was controlled by the government. An elaborate bureaucracy and system of roads helped the all powerful Inca control his subjects. Terraced agriculture and pastoral provided base. Large military. No written language. Quipi, or knotted strings, kept records.
5. Western European Civilizations In Western Europe, between 600 and 1450 CE, Europe was controlled by regional lords, many who converted their kingdoms to Christianity. The Carolingian Dynasty controlled much of Western Europe, and the Holy Roman Empire controlled central Europe. Vikings inhabited Scandinavia and periodically terrorized other regions. The Roman Catholic Church was a huge institution, and the pope held great power. Feudalism dominated government structure- kings were above nobles, who were above vassals, who were above peasants, or serfs. The overwhelming majority of the population were peasants, who lived a very hard, poor life. Very little technological advances were made during this period. Lords and knights followed a code of chivalry, and the major event during this time was the Crusades. The Black Death swept over much of Europe, devastating the population. People were illiterate, and all intellectual life centered in monastaries Return to Globe
6. Western European Civilizations Charles Martel founded Carolingian Dynasty King Clovis led the Franks in the West Carolingian Dynasty became Holy Roman Empire (not to be confused with Roman Empire) in 962.  Patriarchal society Little urbanization Small merchant class trades around the world Crusades between 1095 and 1204 Craft guilds Hanseatic League Return to Globe
7. Western European Civilizations Return to Globe
8. Western European Civilizations Return to Globe
9. Western European Civilizations The First crusade (1095-1099) started when the Byzantine Empire asked fellow Christians in Europe for help fighting the Seljuk Turks who had captured Jerusalem. Pope Urban II called the Council of Clermont to rally knights to fight The Crusaders were able to capture Jerusalem, they were successful partially because of a lack of disunity among the Turks, Arabs and other Muslim people The Europeans established the Latin Kingdoms there Jerusalem fell to Muslim rule in 1187 and three more major crusades followed In 1291, crusading efforts were ended. Return to Globe
10. Eastern European Civilizations Byzantine Empire Broke away from Roman empire in 395 C.E. Capital city of Constantinople, was economically and militarily important because of its strategic location between the Black and Mediterranean seas 500s C.E: Emperor Justinian led an architectural revolution (Church of Hagia Sophia which is now a mosque). Also developed Justinian’s Law Code (Corpus JurisCivilis), this was a codification of Roman Laws. Greek became official language after the 500s C.E Government: Emperor is ordained by god and surrounded by ritual, they are the head of church and state. Also included an extensive bureaucracy similar to China’s The Eastern Orthodox Church split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1054 C.E after argument over celibacy of priests and type of bread used in mass. Return to Globe
11. Byzantine Empire Return to Globe
12. Eastern European Civilizations Byzantine Empire Gradually lost territory in North Africa and the Middle East due to the rapid expansion of Islam In the 11th century a new enemy, the Seljuk Turks, emerged in the eastern front. From the Battle of Manzikert(1071 C.E) onward, the Turks would keep pressuring the Byzantine empire and taking away territory. The Seljuk’s successors, the Ottoman Turks sezied Constantinople in 1453 and it became the Turkish capital city of Istanbul Return to Globe
13. Eastern European Civilizations Russia The Slavs (an Indo-European group from Asia) lived in the city of Kiev in present day Ukraine. They adopted many traits of Byzantine culture (such as Eastern Orthodoxy, Justinian law codes, and the Cyrillic alphabet), The Byzantine Empire was their main trade partner and contact. Literature and art focused on religion. Agriculture was limited due to the cold climate of Russia, but serfs worked the land of their lords in the system of feudalism. When lords that ruled Moscow became more powerful and allied with the invading Mongols, the lords and nomads overthrew Kiev and called their new leader the tsar. Return to Globe
14. Islamic Civilizations Ummayad Arab clans met after Muhammad’s death (632 C.E.) to determine who the caliph(religious and political leader) would be. Ridda Wars brought Bedouin tribes under Umayyad rule. Ummayad Caliphate established under Muawiyah. Sunni (majority group) believed that Muawiyah was the legitimiate ruler but Shi’ite believed that the Sunni were usurpers and Muhammad’s son in law, Ali was the rightful ruler. Deep divisions developed between those who believed Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad and those Umayyad rulers became increasingly addicted to pleasure and luxury. Return to Globe
15. Islamic Civilizations Abbasid Rebels ,angered by a smaller share of booty and the extravagance of the Umayyad caliphate, rose up in the Battle on the River Zab and formed the Abbasid caliphate (750). Converts were fully accepted into the Islam society. Intellectual life reached a high point with literature, medicine, and astronomy. Women’s position declined, seen in symbols such as the harem and veil. Successional disputes prompted the building of personal armies and hiring of mercenaries, who eventually took power away from the caliphate. In addition, foreign nomads gained more power in the court. The Seljuk Turks and families such as the Buyids in effect ruled the caliphate. Beginning in 900, sections of the empire split or were taken by conquest. In the mid-1200s, the Mongols captured the capital (Baghdad) and the Abbasid empire ended. Afterwards, there was a not a strong enough state in the Middle East to effectively control the region. Return to Globe
16. Islamic Civilizations Seljuk Turks and Ottomans Seljuk Turks were a nomadic group from Asia. Because they were adept horseback riders skilled at combat, they were taken as Mamluks, or warriors in Arabic armies. They captured the Abbasid caliphate in 1055. Turkish military leaders took control of the caliphate and in effect ruled the empire. The Seljuk Turks (who were Sunnis) were responsible for the purge of Shi’is. They expanded the empire and ended threats of Shi’i and Byzantine conquest.
17. Islamic Civilizations The Turks’ defeat of the Byzantines opened a door to Anatolia, a region they settled formed an independent state, the Ottoman Empire (end of 11th century). The Ottomans conquered the Byzantine Empire by capturing Constantinople (1453).
18. Sub-Saharan Civilizations Christian Kingdoms Christianity had taken hold in Nubia and Egypt. The Copts had been influenced by the Byzantine Empire, but split. They resisted Islam conversion. The Axum kingdom eventually led to Ethiopia, which turned isolationist to resist pagan and Muslim influence. The Sudanic States Ghana was established by the 700s in the Sahel (grassland just south of the Sahara) by the Soninke, a farming people.
19. Sub-Saharan Civilizations The Sahel was the point where traders with gold, iron, and copper from Sub-Saharan Africa and salt and dates from the Sahara met. The Almoravids (a Muslim group from North Africa) invaded Ghana (1076) and weakened it. The Malinke people formed Mali by the 13th century. Cities (such as Timbuktu) grew as merchants, artists, and Islam theologians were drawn to the protection Mali had to offer through a military. Songhay had existed from the 17th century, but grew in power by the 14th century when Mali began to decline. Sunni Ali (1464-1492) was the leader and military commander of the Songhay kingdom who expanded the empire through military conquests and set up provincial administration.
20. Sub-Saharan Civilizations Sudanic States were based on agriculture but grew wealthy from trading gold. Cities such as Gao gained a large merchant community. Leaders typically converted to Islam, which reinforced kingship ideas, but blended elements of animism, beliefs that the rest of the population retained. Organization was largely regional and village based with states providing an overall structure. Rulers were typically migrant families. Several states were matrilineal.
21. Sub-Saharan Civilizations Swahili Cities On the east African coast (Zanj), egalitarian villagers were transformed into more cosmopolitan, diverse cities by the 13th century. Cities were ruled by different families but shared language, cultural, and religious traits (with Arabic influence). Ivory, gold, iron, slaves, and animals were traded with India and China for textiles and porcelain. Islam again reinforced kingship, but spread little beyond rulers and merchants. Return to Globe
22. Chinese Civilizations Sui Dynasty (589 C.E.-618 C.E.) Emerged after 300 years of regional rule in China and reunited a smaller China Wendi,a member of a noble family, married his daughter to a ruler of the Zhou empire and later seized the thrown. Yangdi killed his father to rise to the thrown and established a milder law code and restored Confucian education and examination system. Would later try to live luxuriously and promote extravagant construction projects. Followed Legalism Built the Grand Canal and numerous granaries. Yangdi was assassinated by his own ministers and China fell into turmoil Return to Globe
23. Chinese Civilizations Tang Dynasty (618 C.E.-907 C.E.) Xuanzong (712-755 C.E.) was a popular ruler and expanded China’s territory into C.Asia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, etc). Tang economy grew thanks to infrastructure such as the Grand Canal, built by Suit expanded by Tang Trade also through Indian Ocean Trade Network and Silk Road During the 800s, peasant rebellions and military disasters weakened the Tang. Chinese disunity followed. Return to Globe
24. Chinese Civilizations Song The strength of regional lords led to the decline of the Tang (19th century). After a brief lack of government, Zhao Kuangyin created the Song dynasty (960). Song was urbanized. It utilized trade routes, such as the Silk Road and eastern sea routes from Canton. Compasses, clocks, gunpowder, block printing, and paper money were invented. Neo-Confucianism (hierarchy, obedience, and cultured behavior) and Zen Buddhism (simplicity and meditation) emerged. Women were subordinated to a new degree, seen in dowries and foot binding. The Song Empire lost land to the Jurchens and was destroyed in
25. Chinese Civilizations Yuan The Mongols gained Song territory beginning in 1211 and finally established a capital at Beijing in 1271. Kublai Khan ruled the Yuan Empire at its creation. The Yuan Empire had many successful military campaigns and demanded tribute from neighboring states. The Mongols adapted many Chinese ways, such as Buddhism, Mandarin, and the bureaucracy. The Silk Road and many canals were repaired, and trade was reopened with the west. After Kublai Khan’s death, the Bubonic Plague decimated the population, leading to economic and political turmoil. A rebellion overthrew the Yuan Empire in 1368.
26. Chinese Civilizations Return to Globe Ming The rebel Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Empire in 1368 and established the Ming Dynasty. China recovered from the wars that overthrew the Yuan Dynasty (populations and economic growth). The Forbidden City in Beijing was built for the emperor. Tribute from and alliances with neighboring kingdoms took place. The Chinese navy was responsible for trade, exploration, tribute, and intimidation. The bureaucracy and civil service exams were reestablished. Confucianism, Buddhism, novels, porcelain, and scroll paintings were prominent traits of culture.
27. Asian Civilizations Delhi Sultanate Gupta Empire collapses in 550 C.E. Muslim invaders (Mamluks) reached the northwestern frontier (Indus valley and Afghanistan) by the 700s and converted it to Islam In 1022, Muslim armies, led by Afghan war lords, began conquest of Indian and captured Delhi in 1206. Muslim generals then established the Delhi Sultanate (1206-1520s) Return to Globe
28. Asian Civilizations Delhi Sultanate Greatest impact was introduction of Islam into India. Islam joined Buddhism and Hinduism as a major faith Muslim women had more property rights than Hindu women and could divorce and remarry. Religious conflicts arose. The Delhi Sultanate imposed Islam harshly at first. They became less severe but Hindu and Muslim populations did not mix and tensions led to violence between the groups Delhi Sultanate grew until the 1300s at which point it controlled most of India. Afterwards it shrank Regions in the south broke away. In 1398, the central Asian warlord Timur, attacked and left Delhi in ruins. Delhi sultanate survived, but barely. Fell to invaders from the north (1520s) Return to Globe
29. Asian Civilizations Return to Globe
30. Asian Civilizations Japan Yamato family (Japanese imperial family) ruled from city of Nara in the 600s Shifted capital to Heian (present day Kyoto) to escape Buddhist influence Heian Period(794-1185) is golden age of pre modern Japanese history Gov.: emperor considered descendant of Shinto gods, but was only a symbolic figurehead. Real power was in noble family that gained position of chancellor (kwampaku) Fujiwara clan ruled from 858 C.E onward Return to Globe
31. Asian Civilizations Japan Early in Heian period, Japanese culture was influenced greatly by China Japanese religious life shaped by Buddhism and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Daoism (coexisted with native Shinto religion) China’s system of ideograms influenced Japan’s alphabet Fujiwara clan neglected military affairs and gave military responsibilities to warrior clans (origin of samurai class) Taira-Minamoto War (1156-1185): Minamoto defeated the Taira and created the shogunate form of government in Japan Return to Globe
32. Asian Civilizations Capital shifted to Kamakura by Minamoto, established a decentralized military government Emperor is symbolic figurehead but real power lies in the shogun (“great general”) Kamakura shogunate (1185-1333) and Ashikaga shogunate (1336-1573); Ashikaga moved capital to Kyoto (formerly Heian) Ashikaga were weaker rulers and allowed for more decentralization, however trade and commerce flourished during their reign and merchant class emerged. Return to Globe
33. Asian Civilizations Zen (Chan) Buddhism became popular among samurai class Pure Land (Jo Do) Buddhism became popular among lower class, emphasis on heavenly afterlife Shogunates were feudal systems in which the shogun shared power with landowning war lords (daimyo). Shogun and daimyo come from samurai warrior class Samurai followed Bushido (“way of the warrior”). Most extreme penalty was ritual suicide (seppuku or hara-kiri) Return to Globe
34. Asian Civilizations Vietnam Vietnamese were willing to intermarry with peoples from Khmer empire and Tai Favored the nuclear family as opposed to the extended family which the Chinese preferred Vietnamese women tended to have more freedom and influence than their Chinese counterparts Were influenced greatly by China, Chinese ideograms and Buddhism. However, they managed to maintain aspects of their own culture. Return to Globe
35. Asian Civilizations Vietnam Widespread use of rice paddy farming (growing rice by wet cultivation), most likely arose out of Vietnam in the 500s. Wet cultivation led to increased crop yield. Accepted Chinese influence and technology because it gave them an advantage over other Southeast Asian nations Close ties were formed between Tang and the Annam and Champa states of Vietnam. The relationship changed occasionally from Annam and Champa being under Chinese rule, paying tribute to China, or allied with China. Chinese links with Vietnam were weak because of physical barriers and the Vietnamese’s sense of identity Return to Globe
36. Asian Civilizations Korea Koreans descended from hunting and herding peoples of Eastern Siberia and Manchuria The Three Kingdom Era included the Kogurya, Paekche and Silla Kingdoms. Sinification-extensive adoption of Chinese culture such as writing and Buddhism and Confucianism. Bureaucracy system failed because aristocrats did not want to lose power Warfare between the three kingdoms and internal strife left the Korean peninsula open to attacks from the outside. Return to Globe
37. Asian Civilizations Korea Tang attacked Korean peninsula, made an alliance with the Silla who then helped the Tang destroy the Paekche and Kogurya kingdoms. Korea became a tributary nation to China and collapsed with the Tang Koryo, the next state to rule Korea, was closely tied to the Song dynasty but was invaded by the Mongols. It won its freedom in the 1300s but collapsed shortly afterwards. Many scholars believe block printing was invented in the Koryo state and then passed on to the Chinese Ceramics were an elevated art form for the Koreans and are best known for their work on it. The Joseon (commonly known as the Yi) had ties with the Ming dynasty. They Yi ruled from 1392 until 1910. Return to Globe
38. Asian Civilizations Return to Globe
39. Asian Civilizations Srivijayan Centered in the Indonesian islands and grew from the island of Sumatra As the Srivijayans expanded they gained control of the maritime trade routes between Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula by the 600s. They then took over parts of the Malay Peninsula as well as the Indonesian island of Java. Like the Khmer state, the Srivijayans were greatly influenced by India and adopted Hinduism and Buddhism (Buddhism was dominant) Weakened and fell in the 1100s. In the 1200s Islam arrived in the Indonesian islands and became the dominant faith. Return to Globe
40. Asian Civilizations Khmer Emerged in Cambodia and Laos by the 500s Reached its peak during the Angkor period (889-1454). Angkor rulers were militarily aggressive and expanded the Khmer state into parts of Burma and the Malay Peninsula Culturally were influenced by India and adopted both Buddhism and Hinduism Collapsed in 1400s when Cambodia was conquered by neighboring Thailand Return to Globe
41. Asian Civilizations Return to Globe
42. Nomadic Civilizations Mongols Group of nomadic tribes from the steppes of Central Asia. Herded livestock and were excellent horsemen and archers. Before 1200s the 1.5 to 3 million Mongols were disunited and often warring against each other United in 1206 by warlord Temujin, better known as Genghis Khan( Chingiz, Jenghiz, or Chinggis), which means “ruler of limitless strength” Return to Globe
43. Nomadic Civilizations Mongols Genghis Khan reorganized the Mongol army and led them on a conquest campaign Conquests began in 1211 with attach on northern China, seized Beijing by 1215 and by Genghis Khan’s death in 1227 the Mongols controlled a large area. Success not due to large size (80,000 to 100,000 troops). Success due to talented cavalrymen and archers (could fire from horseback, full speed, going forward or backward). Horses and soldiers had endurance and were very well organized based on groups of ten. Quick to adopt military technology such as siege weapons from China and Central Asia http://www.biography.com/genghis-khan/ Return to Globe
44. Nomadic Civilizations Return to Globe Genghis Khan’s third son, Ogodei, ruled the Mongols until 1241. He expanded the empire greatly and built the new capital, Karakorum. In 1236, sent a large invasion force to Europe to conquer as much land as possible, stopped at Poland and Germany because they were overextended. Conquered Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary. Commanded by Hulegu, Mongol armies invaded the Middle East and destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate but where stopped by a Mamluk army at AinJalut. At its peak, the Mongols ruled from Poland in the west to Korea in the East and from Siberia in the north to Vietnam in the south.
45. Nomadic Civilizations Mongols imposed single political authority, encouraged trade, made travel safer and imposed legal order Semi-unification of Eurasia known as PaxMongolica or Mongol Peace In 1260, the last Khan to rule a united Mongol Empire, Mongke, died. Civil war ensued and the empire broke apart Kublai Khan ruled the homeland, including China and Mongolia Golden Horde ruled Russia and East Europe Il-Khan converted to Islam and ruled the Middle East until the rise of the Ottoman Turks Jagadai Khanate governed Central Asia, converted to Islam, fought with Il-khan Mongols . In 1370,Timur, later Mongol warlord tried to repeat the feat of Ghengis Khan and quickly conquered Central Asia, Persia and northern India but the expansion ended with his death in 1405 Return to Globe
46. Nomadic Civilizations Return to Globe
47. Works Cited http://www.historyhaven.com/APWH/unit2/UNIT%20II%20NOTES.htm World Civilizations: The Global Experience: Third Edition Barron’s: AP World History 3rd Edition & 4th Edition http://i300.photobucket.com/albums/nn21/brobb129/Mongol_Empire_map_2.gif (mongol map) http://www.biography.com/genghis-khan/
48. DONE!!