1. Statistical Significance The power of ALPHA

2. The decisive value of P is called the significance level. We write it as α, the Greek letter alpha. “Significant” in the statistical sense does not mean “important.” It means simply “not likely to happen just by chance.”

3. Statistical Significance If the P-value is as small as or smaller than alpha, we say that the data are statistically significant at level α. In practice, the most commonly used significance level is: α = 0.05

4. z= x-ℳ σ/√n To test the hypothesis H0: μ= μ0 based on an SRS of size n from a population with unknown mean μ and known standard deviation σ, compute the one-sample z statistic

5. Step 1: Hypotheses Identify the population of interest and the parameter you want to draw conclusions about. State hypotheses. Step 2: Conditions Choose the appropriate inference procedure. Verify the conditions for using it. • Step 3: Calculations If the conditions are met, carry out the inference procedure. • Calculate the test statistic.Find the P-value. • Step 4: Interpretation Interpret your results in the context of the problem. • Interpret the P-value or make a decision about H0 using statistical significance. • Don't forget the 3 C's: conclusion, connection, and context.

6. REJECT reject H0 or fail to rejectH0 we will reject H0 if our result is statistically significant at the given α level. That is, we will fail to reject H0 if our result is not significant at the given α level. EXAMPLE Ho: µ = 0, there is NO difference in job satisfaction between the two work environments Ho: µ ≠ 0, there is a difference in job satisfaction between the two work environments α = .05 p = .0234 Therefore, our hypothesis testing for this particular case is statistically significant at α = .05

7. A certain random number generator is supposed to produce random numbers that are uniformly distributed on the interval from 0 to 1. If this is true, the numbers generated come from a population with μ = 0.5 and σ = 0.2887. A command to generate 100 random numbers gives outcomes with mean x = 0.4365. Assume that the population σ remains fixed. We want to test H0: μ= 0.5 versus Ha: μ ≠ 0.5. (a) Calculate the value of the z test statistic and the P-value. (b) Is the result significant at the 5% level (α = 0.05)? Why or why not? (c) Is the result significant at the 1% level (α = 0.01)? Why or why not? (d) What decision would you make about H0 in part (b)? Part (c)? Explain.

8. (a) Calculate the value of the z test statistic and the P-value. (b) Is the result significant at the 5% level (α = 0.05)? Why or why not? (c) Is the result significant at the 1% level (α = 0.01)? Why or why not? Since the P-value is less than 0.05, we say that the result is statistically significant at the 5% level. Since the P-value is greater than 0.01, we say that the result is not statistically significant at the 1% level.

9. (d) What decision would you make about H0 in part (b)? Part (c)? Explain. At the 5% level, we would reject Ho and conclude that the random number generator does not produce numbers with an average of 0.5. At the 1% level, we would not reject Ho and conclude that the observed deviation from the mean of 0.5 is something that could happen by chance. That is, we would conclude that the random number generator is working fine at the 1% level