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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. Anthony Hernandez, Nick Huizar , Christian Dasliva. Nature of genes. The central dogma describes information flow in cells as DNA to RNA to protein Transcription makes an RNA copy of DNA Translation uses information in RNA to synthesize proteins

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Anthony Hernandez, Nick Huizar, Christian Dasliva

  2. Nature of genes • The central dogma describes information flow in cells as DNA to RNA to protein • Transcription makes an RNA copy of DNA • Translation uses information in RNA to synthesize proteins • tRNA is required to connect the information in MRNA into the sequence of amino acids • Rna has multiple roles in gene expression

  3. The Genetic Code • In groups of three, and is no overlapping • Nirenberg and others deciphered the code. • A codon consists of 3 nucleotides(64 possible). • Three “stop” codons and one “start” codon. • Ach codon specifies a single amino acid. • The code is universal.

  4. Prokaryotic Transcription • Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase. • Initiation occurs at promoters and requires a start site as well. • Termination occurs at specific sites. • Translation begins while mRNAs are still being transcribed.

  5. Eukaryotic Transcription • Eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases. • Each polymerase has its own promoter. • Initiation and termination differ from that in prokaryotes.

  6. The Structure of tRNA and Ribosomes • Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthethases attach amino acids to tRNA. • The ribosome has multiple tRNA building sites. • The ribosome has both decoding and enzymatic functions.

  7. The Process of Translation • Initiation complex formation is aided by the ribosome-binding sequence of mRNA. • New amino acids from charged tRNAs are added to the growing peptide as the ribosome moves over the mRNA. • Stop codons are recognized by termination factors. • Proteins bind to the SRP, and the complex docks on the ER.

  8. Mutation: Altered Genes • Base substitutions exchange one base for another. • Frame shift mutations involve the addition or deletion of a base. • Chromosomal mutations change the structure of chromosomes: additions, deletions, inversions, or translocations. • MUTATIONS ARE THE STARTING POINT OF MUTATION.

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