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Understanding Memory: Mechanisms, Types, and the Impact of Amnesia

This comprehensive overview of memory delves into its intricate mechanisms, including encoding, retrieval, and recall. We explore different memory types such as explicit and implicit memory, highlighting context-dependent and emotional memory. Additionally, we examine the role of the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and other structures in memory function. The case of Patient HM illustrates the profound effects of amnesia on memory, revealing the complexities of memory systems and their relation to experiences. Key insights from neuroscience inform our understanding of dementia and its various manifestations.

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Understanding Memory: Mechanisms, Types, and the Impact of Amnesia

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  1. Memory

  2. Encoding, Retrieval, and Recall

  3. Types of Memory (Explicit) (Implicit)

  4. Context-Dependent Memory (based on experience)

  5. Context-Dependent Memory(based on current state)

  6. Emotional Memory

  7. Motor Memory

  8. Neural Control of Memory

  9. The Hippocampus and Related Structures Parahippocampal Cortex (Green) EntorhinalCotrex (Blue) Dentate Gyrus (Purple) CA3 (Purple) CA1 (Purple) Subiculum Principles of Neuroscience (4thEdition): Chapter 59

  10. Neuronal Signaling Within Hippocampus Predicts Recall vs. Forgetting

  11. Hippocampal Morphology as a Result of Experience

  12. Amnesia • Retrograde: can’t remember (recall) life before injury • Anterograde: can’t remember (encode) life after injury • All types of memory affected although these two distinctions largely refer to episodic memory • Patient HM was the most rigorously studied amnesiac

  13. Patient HM • In the summer of 1953, Henry Gustav Molaison (1926-2008) underwent brain surgery to contain epileptic seizures that had become critically debilitating. The intervention brought some relief from convulsions, but these positive results were overshadowed by an astonishing and indelible side effect. Soon after the operation, it became apparent that he could no longer recognize hospital staff, he did not remember the way home, he did not remember newspaper articles he had just read, nor the crossword puzzles he had solved; otherwise, he was completely normal. Since the time of the surgery, more than five decades of scrupulous neuropsychological research examined the nature of patient H.M.'s amnesia which proved to be both persistent and remarkably selective. • The goal of our project is to provide a window into the brain of the man who helped establish the scientific study of memory and unfailingly forgot the enormously generous contribution he made to medical research. • Check out “Project HM”: http://thebrainobservatory.ucsd.edu/hm

  14. Brain of an Amnesiac (Large Loss of Hippocampus)

  15. Amnesiac Performance on Implicit Memory Tasks Squire et al. 1987

  16. Amnesiac Performance on Explicit Memory Tasks This is data from patient HM

  17. Memory Tests in Non-Humans • Morris Water Maze

  18. Hippocampal-Lesioned Mice Perform Poorly on MWM

  19. Hippocampal-Lesioned Mice Perform Poorly on MWM

  20. Neural Control of Memory Medial Temporal Lobe Striatum Neocortex

  21. Dementia • It’s a syndrome, not a disease • Multiple types of dementia across a spectrum of severity • Alzheimer’s, HIV-induced, Parkinson’s, Rasmussen’s encephalitis, chronic traumatic brain injury, to name a few

  22. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuronal Identifier #1: Neurofibrillary Tangles

  23. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuronal Identifier #2: Beta-amyloid Plaques

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