Understanding Social Cognitive Theory: Learning through Observation and Cognition
This chapter explores Social Cognitive Theory, which posits that learning occurs through observation and cognitive processes. It emphasizes that individuals can learn from others without direct behavior changes, highlighting the role of cognition and self-efficacy in shaping behaviors and environments. Key concepts include modeling, reinforcement, and the reciprocal interaction between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors. Important conditions for effective learning, such as attention to models and retention of observed behaviors, are discussed alongside the impact of self-regulation on learning outcomes.
Understanding Social Cognitive Theory: Learning through Observation and Cognition
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Human Learning & Memory Siena Heights University Chapter 6 Dr. S.Talbot
Social Cognitive Theory (aka social learning theory) • Def. – learning by ________ and ________. • General Principles • People can learn by observing others. • Learning can occur without a change in behaviors • Cognition plays an important role in learning. • People can have considerable control over their actions and environments. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
Environmental factors in Social Learning • Observer gets reinforced by the model. • Observer is reinforced by a third person. • The imitated behavior leads to reinforcing consequences. • The consequences of the model affects the observer ___________ (punishment or reinforcement). Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
Cognitive factors in Social Learning • Learning involves a mental rather than behavioral change. • Certain cognitive approaches are necessary. • Learners form beliefs about their ability to perform various behaviors (efficacy). • The occurrence of consequences is influential. • The non occurrence of consequences is influential in and of itself. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
Reciprocal Causation • Environment (E): General conditions in the outside world. • Person (P): An individual’s particular physical characteristics, cognitive processes, and socially and culturally conferred roles and reputations. • Behavior (B): An individual’s observable actions and reactions. P Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory E A
How modeling affects behavior • Teaches new behaviors • Influences the frequency of behaviors (the same or similar) • Encourages previously ________ behaviors Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
Characteristics of successful models • The model is _______ or _______. • The model has _____ & ______. • The model behaves in stereotypical ways. • The models behavior is ______ to the observer’s situation. • __________ between the observer and model. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
Necessary conditions • ________ to the model. • Retention of __________. • Motor Reproduction (physical ability) • Motivation or desire to perform the modeled behavior. This may include the idea of self – efficacy in the behavior demonstrated. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
Self-efficacy: The _______ belief in one’s ability to ________. • Not the same as self-esteem or self – concept. • Affects our choice of activities. • Affects our goals. • Affects effort or persistence. • Affects learning and achievement. • Learners are at a disadvantage when the ___________ and _________ their abilities. How? Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
How is self - efficacy developed? • Previous successes and failures. • Current emotional state. • Messages from others. • Successes and failure of others. • Successes and failures of the group as a whole. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
Self-regulation • Elements • Setting standards • Self-observation • Self – evaluation • Self – reaction • Self - reflection • Promoting • Self – instructions • Self – monitoring • Self – reinforcement • Self – imposed stimulus control Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
Implications? • Modeling • Clarify of consequences • Efficacy • Expectations Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory
