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Understanding Heat and Thermodynamics: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

Explore the fundamental concepts of heat transfer in this chapter on thermodynamics. Learn about conduction—the transfer of thermal energy without the movement of matter—highlighting the differences in conduction rates across solids, liquids, and gases. Delve into convection, where fluid particles move and create currents, playing a vital role in natural systems like ocean currents and weather. Finally, understand radiation, the energy transfer through space, and the principles of thermodynamics, including the laws of energy conservation and transfer.

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Understanding Heat and Thermodynamics: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

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  1. Chapter 16 Heat and Thermodynamics

  2. Conduction • The transfer of thermal energy with no overall transfer of matter. • Occurs within a material or between materials that are in contact.

  3. Conduction • Slower in gases than in liquids • Slower in liquids than in solids • Because the particles collide less often

  4. Thermal Conductors • A material that conducts thermal energy well • Examples: copper cooking pot, metal baking pan, tile floor

  5. Thermal Insulators • A material that conducts thermal energy poorly • Examples: wooden spoon, air, wool, foam

  6. Convection • The transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move from one place to another

  7. Convection Currents • Occurs when a fluid circulates in a loop as it heats up and then cools down. • Important in many natural cycles: ocean currents, weather systems, movements of hot rock in the Earth’s mantle

  8. Radiation • The transfer of energy by waves moving through space • Examples: the sun heating Earth, heating coil on a stove or heater

  9. Radiation • All objects radiate energy. • As an object’s temperature increases, the rate at which it radiates energy increases. • Closer objects absorb more radiation and are heated more. • Further away objects absorb less radiation and are heated less.

  10. Radiation • Which receives more radiation and thus has more thermal energy, Earth or Mars? • Mercury or Earth? • Jupiter or Saturn?

  11. Thermodynamics • The study of conversions between thermal energy and other forms of energy.

  12. First Law of Thermodynamics • Energy is conserved. • When energy is added to a system it can either increase the thermal/heat energy or do work but is must be accounted for. • Remember energy can be neither created nor destroyed (only transferred).

  13. Second Law of Thermodynamics • Thermal energy can flow from colder objects to hotter objects only if work is done on the system. • A heat engine converts heat into work. • Thermal energy that is not converted into work is waste heat.

  14. Second Law of Thermodynamics • Spontaneous changes will always make a system less orderly, unless work is done on the system. • Disorder in the universe as a whole is always increasing. • You can only increase order on a local level.

  15. Second Law of Thermodynamics • Read the 2nd paragraph on page 483.

  16. Third Law of Thermodynamics • Absolute zero cannot be reached. • The closest that has been reached was 3 billionths of a kelvinabove absolute zero. • 0.000000003 K

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