LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES

1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERSITALYPART 3A: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT VOLCANOES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

3. Italy has a long history of destructive earthquakes.

4. LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES

5. Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric interactions cause EARTHQUAKES

6. TECTONIC PLATES

7. ITALY:INTERACTION OF AFRICA---EURASIAN---ANATOLIAN PLATES

8. ITALY, THE PLATES, AND THE 2009 L’AQUILA QUAKE

9. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community torespond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

10. Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

11. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen

12. THE REASONS ARE . . . • When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.

13. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community has NODISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.

14. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

15. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

16. TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

17. HAZARDS EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY LOCATION ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK

18. QUAKE HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • FORECASTS/SCENARIOS • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and • RECONSTRUCTION EARTHQUAKE RISK POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ITALY’S COMMUNITIES HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

19. ITALY: RELATIVE GROUND SHAKING HAZARD (50 YEAR EXP.T. )

20. CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES “DISASTER LABORATORIES” LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

21. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

22. WHAT WILL HAPPEN?EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

23. SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS MODEL

24. ITALY: SEISMICITY

25. ITALY

26. PGA MAP: 10 % EXCEDANCE IN 50 YEAR EXPOSURE TIME

27. ITALY: EARTHQUAKE ZONES

28. LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS EXPOSURE MODEL

29. 35 30 25 UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE 20 REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS 15 10 REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME 5 0 V VI VII VIII IX CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE INTENSITY

30. QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM VULNERABILITY MODEL

31. HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN AN EARTHQUAKE A communities people, property, essential and critical infrastructure, business enterprise, and government centers.

32. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

33. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

34. SOME OF ITALY’S MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES M6.9 IRPINIA: NOVEMBER 23, 1980 M6.3 L’AQUILA: APRIL 6, 2009

35. IRPINIAEARTHQUAKE M6.9 SUNDAY MORNING NOVEMBER 23, 1980

36. EPICENTER: IRPINIA QUAKE

37. THE IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE • Known in Italy as Terremoto dell'Irpinia, the M6.9 earthquake took place on Sunday, November 23, 1980. • The quake, centered near the village of Conza, killed 2,914 people, injured more than 10,000 and left 300,000 homeless.

38. Building damage was distributed over more than 26,000 km², including Naples and Salerno

39. DAMAGE OLD, POORLY DESIGNED AND POORLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS SITED ON SOFT SOILS WERE HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING

40. PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED • The towns of Lioni, Conza Di Campania (near the epicenter), and Teora were destroyed.

41. PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED • Eighty percent of Sant’Angelo Dei Lombardi was destroyed. • 300 died, including 27 children in an orphanage.

42. FAR TOO MANY GRAVES

43. DAMAGE

44. DAMAGE: A GHOST TOWN

45. DAMAGE

46. DAMAGE

47. DAMAGE

48. DAMAGE

49. DAMAGE TO ROAD

50. PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED • In Balvano, 100 were killed when a medieval church collapsed during Sunday services.