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Understanding Ecosystems: Components, Structure, and Dynamics

Explore the intricate world of ecosystems, focusing on both biotic and abiotic components. Learn about food chains, food webs, and the importance of trophic levels. Discover how to measure ecosystem health through diversity indices and the significance of biomes. Delve into key factors affecting ecosystem dynamics, such as carrying capacity, limiting factors, and species interactions. This comprehensive overview highlights measurements and modeling techniques that enhance our understanding of ecological balance and productivity.

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Understanding Ecosystems: Components, Structure, and Dynamics

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  1. Topic 2 – The Ecosystem 2.1 - Structure IB Topics 2.1.1-2.1.7

  2. Biotic and Abiotic Components Biotic Abiotic All non-living components of the ecosystem Ex: • All living components of the ecosystem • Ex:

  3. Food Chains • The position an organism occupies in a food chain is called the trophiclevel.

  4. Local Food Chain Example:

  5. Food Webs • Ecosystems contain many interconnected food chains

  6. Pyramid of Numbers • A graphical model of the number of organisms in a food chain

  7. Pyramid of Biomass • A graphical model of the amount of biomass present in a food chain at a certain point in time

  8. Pyramid of Productivity • A graphical model of the rate of energy production over time

  9. Key Words (define and provide a local example of each) • Species • Population • Habitat • Niche • Community • Ecosystem • Parasitism • Mutualism • Predation • Herbivory

  10. Topic 2 – The Ecosystem 2.2 – Measuring Abiotic Components IB Topics 2.2.1-2.2.2

  11. Significant Abiotic Factors • Terrestrial Ecosystem • Marine Ecosystem • Freshwater Ecosystem

  12. Topic 2 – The Ecosystem 2.3 – Measuring Biotic Components IB Topics 2.3.1-2.3.5

  13. Estimating abundance of organisms • Counting the number of organisms is almost always done using an estimate

  14. Lincoln Index • A mathematical model to estimate population size • Capture-mark-release-recapture

  15. Example 1 Example 2 75 Ladybugs were caught and marked 80 Ladybugs were caught the second time and 3 were marked • 13 deer were caught and marked • 14 deer were caught the second time and 5 were marked

  16. Quadrats • A square of area used to measure the population of non-mobile organisms • Can help to calculate population density and percentage cover

  17. Diversity • The number of different species • The number of individuals of each species

  18. Simpson’s Diversity Index • Used to compare diversity between areas • High value of D implies stable ecosystem • Low value of D implies unstable ecosystem

  19. Topic 2 – The Ecosystem 2.4 – Biomes IB Topics 2.4.1-2.4.2

  20. Biomes • A collection of ecosystems that share similar climactic conditions

  21. Topic 2 – The Ecosystem 2.5 – Function IB Topics 2.5.1-2.5.7

  22. Photosynthesis

  23. Respiration

  24. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) • The amount of energy produced by producers

  25. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) • The amount of energy stored by producers and available to consumers

  26. Gross Secondary Productivity (GSP) • The amount of energy consumed by consumers

  27. Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) • The amount of energy stored by consumers and available to the next trophic level

  28. Topic 2 – The Ecosystem 2.6 – Changes IB Topics 2.6.1-2.6.7

  29. Carrying Capacity • The maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can support sustainably over a long period of time

  30. Limiting Factors • Factors that limit the amount of individuals in an ecosystem

  31. Tolerance • Species will be most abundant within a certain range of a limiting factor

  32. Population Curves • S Curve • Reaches carrying capacity and stabilizes • J Curve • Unchecked population growth

  33. Limiting Factors • Density-dependent factors • Limit population size more as population increases

  34. Limiting Factors • Density-independent factors • Limit population size regardless of population size

  35. Limiting Factors • External vs Internal Factors • Human Caused:

  36. K-strategists r-strategists • Opportunistic species • Inhabit unstable/changing environments • Reproduce early/often, mature quickly • Slow growing/maturing species • Few offspring • Long lifespans C-strategists • In between r & K

  37. Survivorship Curve

  38. Succession • A natural increase in the complexity of the structure and species composition over time

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