Plagiarism

1. Plagiarism Why you should Never Ever Ever Do It, And How to Avoid it

2. ALWAYS • Include a Reference Page • If you quote, paraphrase, or summarize • Unless you’re in class or your teacher explicitly says not to

3. Tools

4. Tools

5. Tools

6. Tools

7. Zotero

8. Zotero

9. Zotero

10. Check!

11. Readability And What It Has to Do with Style

12. Readability • Goal of all writing is to have it read • Readability is more than just language and vocabulary

13. Styles • MLA: Literature • Chicago: History • APA: Everything Else • Standard • Readers know what to expect • Attention Getters v. Distractors

14. APA Style There Actually is a Point!

15. Ideology As a sciences style, APA cares about names and dates.

16. Names • No first names: gender bias • 2 reasons why names are emphasized: • Fame • Credibility • Nye (2011) said about edutainment, “Blah Blah Blah” (p. 2). Or • “Johnson (2012) said about educational television, “Yada Yada Yada” (p. 141).

17. Dates • Most important feature of a work • In the sciences, it is very important to have the most recent, up-to-date information.

18. The Reference Page

19. Titles • Title OF your Reference Page • References • Not Reference Page, Works Cited, or Bibliography

20. Titles • Titles IN your Reference Page • Italics, underlined, or unformatted? • Italics: Long works like books, entire websites, movies, magazines, newspapers • Underlined: only if handwritten • Unformatted: short works like chapters, articles, webpages, episodes • Capitalization Rules • Only first word of title, first word of subtitle, and proper nouns • Ex: Cell phones and students in American high schools: The electronic engagement controversy • Ex: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone

21. The Hanging Indent • Entries on your reference page should always have a hanging indent (all lines but the first are indented). • Do not hit enter and tab, or just tab • If you add or correct content later, it screws up. • When you sort your references, it screws up.

22. The Hanging Indent • The right way: Select the text you want to change and format the paragraphs.

23. Common Formats Of Reference Page Entries

24. Common Formats: Webpages LastName, FirstInitial. SecondInitial. (Year, Mon. 00). Title. Retrieved from http://this.website.com/here • Newspaper: include title of newspaper in italics after article title. • Article in database: if it was originally a print source, then you do not have to include the retrieved from… • Note: • Title of webpage is NOT italicized • Author and date may not be available on the page you cite, but it is your responsibility to check the rest of the site (the “About” page) for the information • No period after the url

25. Common Formats: Books LastName, FirstInitial. SecondInitial. (Year). Title. City, ST: Publisher. • Note: • Title is italicized • Both city and state abbreviation are included • Does end with a period

26. Common Formats: Articles • LastName, FirstInitial. SecondInitial. (Date). Title of article. Title of periodical, Issue#, PageRange. • Date • Journals: year only • Magazines/Newspapers: Year Mon. 00 • Issue Number • Journals: Volume#(Issue#) • Magazines: Issue# only • Note • The periodical title, issue number and page numbers are all italicized. • No abbreviation before page range (unless a printed newspaper)

27. What to do when… • There are 2-7 authors • List all authors in a “Last Name, Initials” format, separating with commas and include an ampersand (&) before the last • There are 7+ authors • List the first 6 in a “Last Name, Initials” format, separating with commas and include an “et al.” at the end

28. What to do when… • There is no author. • Search the source more thoroughly. • There is still no author. • Ask yourself if an organization might be the author. • There is no individual author or organization as author. • Move the article title (if no short work title, then use long work title) to the beginning of the entry, before the date.

29. What to do when… • There is no date. • Search the source more thoroughly. • There is still no date anywhere in the source. • Put “n.d.” in the parenthesis as a placeholder for the date. (stands for no date) • There are 2+ sources by the same author. • Sort the oldest first while alphabetizing. • There are 2+ sources by the same author from the same year. • Add letters after the year inside the parentheses. • Ex: (1999a) and (1999b)

30. How to Make MS Word Cooperate Because it can be a jerk

31. The Header • The APA Header • Different First Page • All Caps • Right aligned page number

32. Making the Header • Edit the header by double-clicking in the top margin. • Select Different first page from the Header & Footer Tools tab. • Enter “Running Head:” • Enter title in all caps.

33. Making the Header • Tab once or twice until cursor is right aligned. • From Header & Footer Tools tab, click the Page Numbers Button. • Hover over Current Position. • Select Plain Number option.

34. Making the Header • Scroll to the next page. • Double click the top margin to enter text. • Enter your title in All Caps. • Tab once or twice until the cursor is right-aligned. • Insert a page number at “current position.

35. Hyperlinks • To remove a hyperlink: • Right click on the link • Select Remove Hyperlink • To break a url that runs over 2 lines: • Hit enter BEFORE a punctuation mark • Preferably a slash (/)

36. Page Breaks • Page breaks • Title -> Abstract, Abstract -> Paper, Paper -> Reference • Alternative to hitting enter multiple times • Short cut in MS Word : ctrl + Return

37. Paragraph Spacing • Extra space after paragraphs is a default in MS Word • To remove it, edit the line spacing from the home tab.

38. Spellcheck • You can set spell/grammar check to look for common mistakes in research papers: • Clichés • Contractions • Use of 1st person • How to do it • Go to the File tab. • Select Options from the left side.

39. Spellcheck • Select Proofing from the left. • In the middle section, ensure grammar is being checked with spelling. • Select Grammar and Style from the drop down menu beside Writing Style.

40. Spellcheck • Click the Settings button beside the drop down menu. • Scroll down to the Style section and check the items you would like Word to find for you.

41. In-Text Citations (aka parentheticals)

42. The Basics • Naming the author in a signal phrase • Emphasizing the Date: Include the date in parentheses immediately after the author’s name if you say it in the sentence. • If the author is named in the sentence, then the parenthetical part only includes the page or paragraph number. • Ex. According to Nye (2011), kids learn that gravity exists very early in life (para. 2). • APA’s ideal situation

43. The Practical • When the author is not named in your sentence, a full citation comes at the end • After quotation marks • Before the end of sentence punctuation • Naturally, children learn things from the everyday world because “they have inquisitive minds” (Johnson, 2012, para. 10).

44. 3 Parts of a Full Citation • “Arrow” : Usually the author’s last name; points to the first part of the relevant entry on the reference page • No initials are ever included • Might be an organization’s name or the title • “APA Obsession” : The date, which APA is obsessed with • Just the year • “Directions” : the page or paragraph number; tells how to get to the information

45. What to do when… • 2+ authors • Connect the last names using commas and an ampersand • Ex. (Nye, Jules, & Johnson, 2009, p. 2) • 3+ authors • After the first citation in the paper of that source, can be shortened to one name and et al. • Ex. (Nye, et al., 2009, p. 2)

46. What to do when… • 2+ sources in same sentence • Separate the citations using semicolons (maintain the order in which they appear in the sentence • Ex: (Nye, 2011, p. 1; Johnson, 2012, p. 101) • Indirect source • Option 1: Make the original ownership clear in the signal phrase • Ex. Jefferson (2009) cited the work of Einstein (1960) who said, “…” (p. 201). • Option 2: Add “as cited in” to the beinging of the citation • Ex. Einstein once said, “…” (as cited in Jefferson, 2009, p. 201).

47. Quoting Mechanics and the Art

48. Mechanics: The Ellipsis • Ellipses are used to replace unnecessary text in a quotation. They are sometimes known by their nickname “dot-dot-dot.” • An ellipsis is entered as three periods with no spaces on either side.

49. Ellipsis Example Quoting It It was in Seattle that Bill began to combine his love of science with his flair for comedy, when he won the Steve Martin look-alike contest and developed dual careers as an engineer by day and a stand-up comic by night. “I’ve never met Mr. Martin, but I’d love to. He created this tension during which the audience had to choose to laugh. So, the laughs were deep and real, like you had to be there- but you were,” says Bill. Eventually, Bill quit his day engineering day job and made the transition to a night job as a comedy writer and performer on Seattle’s home-grown ensemble comedy show “Almost Live.” Regarding Nye’s entry into the business his website reports: It was in Seattle that Bill began to combine his love of science with his flair for comedy, when he…developed dual careers as an engineer by day and a stand-up comic by night. …Eventually, Bill quit his day engineering day job and made the transition to a night job as a comedy writer and performer. (“Bill Nye Biography, 2012, para. 5) Therefore, … Source

50. Mechanics: Quotation Marks • Go around quotations • What to do when the information you’re quoting has quotation mark in it • Change the quotation marks to apostrophes