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Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function. http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/CellTheoryParts.htm. Flagellum. Not in most plant cells. Lysosome. Centriole. An animal cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Nucleus. Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes. Golgi apparatus. Peroxisome.

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Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Cell Structure and Function

  2. http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/CellTheoryParts.htmhttp://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/CellTheoryParts.htm

  3. Flagellum Not in mostplant cells Lysosome Centriole An animal cell Smooth endoplasmicreticulum Nucleus Roughendoplasmicreticulum Ribosomes Golgiapparatus Peroxisome Microtubule Plasma membrane Intermediatefilament Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Microfilament

  4. Roughendoplasmicreticulum Nucleus Ribosomes Smoothendoplasmicreticulum Golgiapparatus Microtubule Centralvacuole Intermediatefilament Cytoskeleton Not inanimalcells Microfilament Chloroplast Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane A plant cell

  5. Nucleus • Location: Plant – side of cell; Animal – Middle of Cell • Appearance: Bowl of spaghetti • Nickname: Control Center • Function: Initiates and controls all activity in cell

  6. Nucleus • Surrounded by double membrane – nuclear envelope • Contains chromatin and nucleolus

  7. Nucleus

  8. Nucleus

  9. Nucleus Two membranesof nuclearenvelope Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Roughendoplasmicreticulum Ribosomes The nucleus and rough endoplasmic reticulum

  10. Chromatin • Location: In nucleus • Appearance: Spaghetti; long thin strands • Nickname: - • Function: Genetic material of cell (Chromosomes and DNA)

  11. Nucleolus • Location: In the nucleus; is condensed chromatin • Appearance: Darkened spot; meatball • Nickname: - • Function: Makes ribosomes • May have more than one in nucleus

  12. Cytoplasm • Location: Throughout the cell; found outside of the nucleus • Plant cell - does not fill completely • Appearance: Jello, gel like • Nickname: - • Function: Surrounds organelles; chemical reactions occur

  13. Cytoplasm • Composition: • 70% water • 30% proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

  14. Cytoplasm

  15. Organelles • Found inside of the cell • Any part of the cell that has its own structure and function • Carries out life processes

  16. Ribosomes • Location: Found floating around cell or attached to ER • Appearance: Dots • Nickname: Assembly workers • Function: Makes protein

  17. Ribosomes Most common organelle in a cell Only organelle in prokaryote

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Location: Outside of nuclear envelope • Appearance: Series of folded membranes • Nickname: ER; Transportation system of cell • Function: Connects organelles, important role in biosynthesis reactions

  19. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough ER – make more membrane, modify proteins • Smooth ER – synthesis of lipids, break down harmful substances, storage of calcium ions

  20. Rough ER

  21. Rough ER

  22. Nucleus Two membranesof nuclearenvelope Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Roughendoplasmicreticulum Ribosomes The nucleus and rough endoplasmic reticulum

  23. Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclearenvelope Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER TEM 45,000 Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

  24. Transport vesiclebuds off 4 Ribosome Secretory(glyco-) proteininside trans-port vesicle 3 Sugarchain 1 Glycoprotein 2 Polypeptide Rough ER Synthesis and packaging of a secretory protein by the rough ER

  25. Transport vesicle fromGolgi to plasma membrane Transport vesiclefrom ER to Golgi Rough ER Plasmamembrane Nucleus Vacuole Lysosome Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus Connections among the organelles of the endomembrane system

  26. Golgi Apparatus • Location: Above nucleus • Appearance: Flattened curved sac • Nickname: Packaging and Shipping Department • Function: Finishes making a protein; modifies, sorts, and packages protein for secretion

  27. Golgi Apparatus

  28. Golgi apparatus Golgiapparatus “Receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus Transportvesiclefrom ER New vesicleforming TEM 130,000 Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi “Shipping” sideof Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus

  29. Mitochondria • Location: Throughout the cell • Appearance: Lima Beans • Nickname: Power House of Cell • Function: Supplies energy; organic molecules are broken down here to release energy

  30. Mitochondria • Contains small amounts of DNA and RNA • Surrounded by a double membrane

  31. Mitochondria • The more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria the cell will have

  32. Mitochondria

  33. Mitochondrion Outermembrane Intermembranespace Innermembrane TEM 44,880 Cristae Matrix The mitochondrion

  34. Plastids • Location: In a plant cell and algae • Appearance: Varies • Nickname: Carbohydrate producer • Function: Produces carbohydrate

  35. Plastids • Chloroplasts • Carotene • Chromoplasts • Leucoplasts

  36. Chloroplasts

  37. Chloroplasts

  38. Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outermembranes TEM 9,750 Granum Intermembranespace The chloroplast

  39. Vacuoles • Location: Found throughout cell; Most abundant in plants • Appearance: Circular; huge in plant in center of cell • Nickname: Storage room • Function: Stores water, nutrients, and wastes

  40. Vacuoles

  41. Central vacuole in a plant cell Nucleus Chloroplast Centralvacuole Colorized TEM 8,700

  42. Contractile Vacuole Found in protists Spokes collect excess water from cell Hub expels it to the outside

  43. Nucleus Contractilevacuoles LM 650 Contractile vacuoles in Paramecium

  44. Lysosomes • Location: Throughout the cell; often attached to vacuoles in animal cell; more common in animal cells • Appearance: Circles • Nickname: Recycling Center • Function: Enzymes inside will break down large molecules or worn down molecules and make them available for reuse; digestion, fight off foreign pathogens

  45. Lysosomal Storage Disease • Those affected are missing one or more hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome • Pompe’s Disease: Harmful amounts of polysaccharide glycogen accumulates in muscle and liver cells • Tay Sachs Disease: Lysosomes lack enzyme needed to break down a lipid abundant in nerve cell membranes

  46. Rough ER 1 Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes) Golgiapparatus Plasmamembrane Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle Engulfmentof particle 2 “Food” Lysosomes 3 5 4 Foodvacuole Digestion Lysosome formation and functions

  47. Lysosome formation

  48. Lysosome Nucleus TEM 8,500 Lysosomes in a white blood cell

  49. Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles Mitochondrion fragment TEM 42,500 Peroxisome fragment Lysosome breaking down damaged organelles

  50. Cytoskeleton • Location: Throughout the cell • Appearance: Strands or tubes • Nickname: Scaffolding of cell • Function: Gives the cell its shape, internal organization, and movement

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