1. Eubacteria

2. General information • There are 100 000 different species • They are extremely small • Reproduction rate is extremely fast • Are known as prokaryotes with no nucleus • Own kingdom with different genetic makeup • Most eubacteria are helpful to humans Kunkel, 2011

3. What qualities to be considered eubacteria • Must be a prokaryotic ( single celled organism) • No membrane-bound organelles • Cells walls contain a unique compound • Able to make their own energy • Reproduce asexually • Genetic makeup is not found in the nucleus Jonah, 2009

4. Asexual reproduction • Single parent reproduction • Creates an identical offspring Steps to reproduction: • A DNA molecule replicates • Cell membrane begins to duplicate • It then seperates into 2 molecules • Both molecules are identical Volpe, 2007

5. DIFFERENT SHAPES • Eubacteria often come in different shapes • They are either spirochete or spiral • Gram positive strands come in different shapes • Most are rod-shaped or cocci shaped Smith, 2010

6. Interesting facts • Eubacteria secrets fluids outside the membrane • This helps them stick to structures • Eubacteria enlists the others to move • Eubacteria help produce vitamins and yogurt • Or can create illnesses like strep throat Unknown, 2008

7. E Coli

8. Classification • Domain: Bacteria • Kingdom: Bacteria • Phylum Proteobacteria • Class: Gamma Proteobacteria • Order: Enterobacteriales • Family: Enterobacteriaceae • Genus: Escherichia • Species: Escherichia coli (E. coli)

9. What is E Coli? • Discovered in 1885 by Theodor Escherich • Latches onto its hosts intestines • Found in warm-blooded mammals • Breaks down food in intestines • Uses biosynthesis for Carbon • Live for months or years

10. Reproduction Performs cellular division • Lengthens the cell • Replicate DNA • Separate the cell • Place components and DNA in both cells

11. E Coli and it’s Host • Has mutual relationship with host • Helps host, host helps it • Can be used to produce insulin • Affected by other bacteria • There are hundreds of strains

12. E coli O157:H7 • Most common within sick patients • Can cause severe intestinal infection • can lead to death if not healed • Consuming undercooked or raw meat • Healed by waiting 5 to 10 days

13. Salmonella

14. Classification • Common Name: Salmonella • Scientific Name: Salmonella bongori • Taxonomy: • Kingdom: Eubacteria • Phylum: Proteobacteria • Class: Gamma Proteobacteria • Order: Enterobacteriales • Family: Enterobacteriaceae • Genus: Salmonella • Species: bongori

15. What is salmonella? • a group of bacteria called salmonellosis • microscopic bacteria that passes from feces • disease occurs in stomach and intestines • causes diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps • disease which affects humans and animals • about 2000 types of salmonella identified

16. Where is salmonella found? • Found in intestinal tracts of humans and animals • Animal feces • In raw food of animal origin • Also in fruits and vegetables • food that came in contact with contaminated substances • Unpasteurized milk

17. How is salmonella spread? • By eating or drinking contaminated substances • Contaminated foods are often of animal origin • Direct contact with infected person or animal • Person to person contamination is more likely with poor hygiene • Through eating uncooked food (mostly meats) • Animal or human feces

18. Preventing the disease • Cooking food thoroughly • Wash hands after contact with animals • Avoid foods containing raw eggs • Washing fruits and vegetables before eating • Refrigerate eggs and meats at all times • Clean hands and surfaces often

19. Salmonella in animals • Reptiles especially prone to salmonella • Same with young birds and livestock. • Signs include septicaemia, enteritis, diarrhoea and abortion • Domestic pets are also common carriers • Easily contaminates their bodies (fur or feathers) • Transmitted to people by contamination on bodies • Also Transmitted to people through feces

20. Clostridium tetani

21. Clostridium Tetani’s TaxOnomy • Kingdom: Bacteria • Phylum: Firmicutes • Class: Clostridia • Order:Clostridiales • Family: Clostridiaceae • Genus: Clostridium • Species: Clostridium tetani

22. what is Clostridium tetani? • Clostridium tetani is a rod-shaped bacterium. • Commonly seen as a tennis racket shape • Has that shape from sporulation inside • It cannot survive in oxygen, Called : Obligate Anaerobe • Known for causing the disease “tetanus”

23. What is tetanus? • Tetanus is a disease marked by muscle spasms • In bad cases it causes seizures • To catch tetanus is from open cuts • Clostridium travers through your nervous system • There main target is the spinal cord • There are four types of tetanus • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGe-I9FeIck

24. Four types of Tetanus • There is Generalized, Localized, Cephalic and Neonatal • They range from 3-21 days • Generalized- Toxins distribute among Nervous system • Localized- experience muscle tension and tightness • Cephalic- affects cranial nerves, happens through head injuries etc. • Neonatal- Form of Generalized but happens to newborn

25. Where are they found ? • Usually found in warm dark places • Such as animal feces, soil and intestines • In vegetation state they are heat sensitive • Can last for years in suited area • Spores can go through dead body cells • Causing them to spread toxins

26. Fun facts • Tetanus is also known as lockjaw • Affects Nerves and skelatal muscles • Can spread from an animal bite • It is infectious but not contagious • Average size is 4.0-8.0 µm (L) and 0.4-0.6 µm (D)

27. Streptococcus pyogenes

28. classification • Kingdom- Eubacteria • Phylum- Firmicutes • Class- Bacilli • Order- Lactobacillales • Family- Strepococcaceae • Genus- Streptococcus • Species- Streptococcus pyogenes Nucleus medical art, 2007

29. Human impact • Streptococcus pyogenescauses the sore throat • A red throat, with white patches is more severe • This is known as strep throat • Accompanied with swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache • Becomes severe if nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain begin • Strep throat can be diagnosed by a doctor Nucleus medical art, 2008

30. Habitat • Found on human skin • Inside the nose, mouth and throat • Disease thrives when access to blood and tissues • Spreads from person to person in respiratory secretions Unknown, 2005

31. transmission • Direct contact with saliva/nose fluids • Transmitted through respiratory secretions • Crowded areas allow easier bacteria spread • Contaminated food such as milk • Sharing an infected persons personal items Unknown, 2007

32. How to treat Streptococcus pyogenes • Antibiotics to kill the bacteria • Common antibiotics are penicillin & amoxicillin • Rest and sleep • Replacing important vitamins by taking supplements **People often don’t realize they have streptococcus pyogenes because it begins just like the common cold and flu.** Technology education, 2007

33. Severity of Streptococcus pyogenes If you leave your streptococcus pyogenes without treatment the following will happen: • It will spread to other tissues • This may cause abscesses or infections • Untreated streptococcus pyogenes can cause heart damage • Untreated streptococcus pyogenes can cause kidney damage • Both of which could be fatal Kaulitzki, 2011

34. Campylobacter jejuni

35. about Pronunciation: kam’ -peh-low-back-ter je-june’ –ee • KINGDOM: Bacteria • PHYLUM: Proteobacteria • CLASS: Epsilonproteobacteria • ORDER: Campylobacterales • FAMILY: Campylobacteraceae • GENUS: Campylobacter ( Dr. Collette Fitzgerald 2004.)

36. What is C. jejuni? • is curved spiral shaped bacteria • causes Campylobacteriosis • Not the only bacteria that cause Campylobacteriosis but is the most common

37. environment • bacteria are found naturally in the intestines of chickens , cows, pigs , rats, wild birds but can causes food poisoning to humans through contaminated meat or vegetable if they come in contact with anything from intestines of the animal mention above • It is also found in the fecal matter of all the animals find above

38. Affect humans on humans • it cause a flu called Campylobacteriosis • Campylobacter is one of the most common bacterial causes of diarrheal illness in the United States. Virtually all cases occur as isolated, sporadic events, not as a part of large outbreaks with about 15 cases diagnosed each year for each 100,000 persons ( Dr. Patricia Fields, Dr. Collette Fitzgerald)

39. Campylobacteriosis • Most people with campylobacteriosis develop the following symptoms two to five days after being infected (though symptoms can appear as late as one month after infection): • diarrhea • abdominal pain • fever • nausea • vomiting

40. Campylobacteriosis cont. • how to get sick with it, touch any of these that been near animal feces ? • • raw or undercooked meat like poultry, beef, pork and lamb • • raw milk and other raw dairy products • • raw vegetables • • shellfish • • untreated drinking water • Can last up to around ten days most people recover without treatment

41. Citations Jack, H. (2013, February 07). Description of Eubacteria. March 03, 2013, from http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/eubacteria/eubacteria-description.htm Bergeron, K., Berrett, P., Egitto, J., & Mastriano, A. (n.d.). Clostridium tetani - MicrobeWiki. MicrobeWiki. Retrieved March 5, 2013, from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium Brown, J. The six kingdoms. March 03, 2013, from http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/index.htm Bio 113- Microbiology. March 03 2013, from http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/micro/Micro4.htm Dulson, J., Fraser, D,. Ledrew, B,. Vavitsas, A,. (2011). Biology 11. Canada: Nelson Education. Department of Pediatrics. (2012). Strep Throat. March 03, 2013, from http://pediatrics.med.nyu.edu/conditions-we-treat/conditions/strep-throat Strep throat. March 03, 2013, from http://health.williams.edu/ephnotes-newsletter/general-health-concerns/strep-throat/ Streptococcus pyogenes. March 03, 2013, from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Streptococcus_pyogenes.html D. Payne (2004-2006). California Lutheran High School. Retrieved February 28, 2013, from http://www.clhs-chawks.org/loc_web/eubacteria/salmonella.htm Food Borne Illness and Disease. (2011, May 25) Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Salmonella_Questions_&_Answers/index.asp What is Salmonella? (2012, April 5). Retrieved February 28, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/

42. citations Lawrence Gavey (2012, September 27). Salmonella. Retrieved February 28, 2013, from http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/4790_11482.htm Salmonellosis (2009, November 16). Retrieved march 1, 2013, from http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ Salmonellosis (Salmonella) (2008, March). Retrieved February 26, 2013, from http://health.utah.gov/epi/fact_sheets/salmon.html Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) and Animals. (2012, August 7). Retrieved march 1, 2013, from http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/salmonellosis.htm Salmonella typhimurium[Photograph]. 2011. Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/June11/Salmonella.html unrein, b. (n.d.). Clostridium tetani. BioWeb Home. Retrieved March 5, 2013, from http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/unrein Stearns, Tyler “Clostridium tetani and Tetanus” Microbe Wiki. 23/July/2011< http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium_tetani_and_Tetanus > Todar, K. (n.d.). Tetanus. Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved March 6, 2013, from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/Tetanus.html

43. citations Nicole Jacques and Nancy Ngo. (May 8, 2007). Micraobe Wiki. In Escherichia coli. Retrieved march 1, 2013, from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia_coli. Justine Moder . (April, 2008). Escherichia coli. In Escherichia coli. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/moder_just/index.htm. Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. (undefined). Ohio State University. In E Coli. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/infectious_diseases/ecoli/Pages/index.aspx. Campylobacter jejuni. (2011, May 12). Retrieved March 4, 2013, from Heath Canada website: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/ill-intox/campy-eng.php Campylobacter jejuni. (2012, April 3). Retrieved March 4, 2013, from FDA website: http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/foodborneillness/foodborneillnessfoodbornepathogensnaturaltoxins/badbugbook/ucm070024.htm Campylobacter jejuni. (n.d.). Retrieved from Patric website: http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/ patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=197 Campylobacter jejuni. (n.d.). Retrieved from Uniprot website: http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/197 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg