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NIXON ADMINISTRATION

NIXON ADMINISTRATION. DOMESTIC POLICY. Believed Federal Government was too large Increased Social Security payments Evironmental issues Against school busing Took stand against drug crime New Federalism: Local govts could regulate spending. Domestic Policies.

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NIXON ADMINISTRATION

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  1. NIXON ADMINISTRATION

  2. DOMESTIC POLICY • Believed Federal Government was too large • Increased Social Security payments • Evironmental issues • Against school busing • Took stand against drug crime • New Federalism: Local govts could regulate spending

  3. Domestic Policies • Sought to put conservative judges on court • Pushed forward Affirmative Action

  4. Commitment to Environment • All federal programs condensed into E.P.A. • Clean Air Act • Water Quality Improvement Act (oil spills) • OSHA- safe employment • 26th amendment- lowered voting age • Apollo 10- moon Landing- Armstrong

  5. Gains in Feminist Movement • Betty Friedan- Feminine Mystique • Society conned women into thinking their only roles were traditional • ERA amendment • NOW-1966

  6. ERA Amendment • Passed senate and sent to the states • Stop ERA Movement • Time running out to ratify • Eventually died out • Roe v. Wade • Ruled state-anti-abortion laws were unconstitutional • Abortion rose to 900,000 • 300,000 illegal abortions • Congress deflects issue by stopping federal funds

  7. Arab Oil Embargo- 1973 • OPEC = Oil Producing Exporting Countries • Arab states place oil embargo on anyone who supports Israel • Created US oil shortage

  8. Foreign Policy (other than Vietnam) • Détente: relaxation of tensions between West/ East • Disarmament measures • SALT Treaty: strategic arms limitation treaty

  9. Main events in the presidential election of 1972 • Nixon was concerned about winning the 1972 presidential election and was not above using illegal actions to help ensure his re-election. • During his first term, Nixon advisors created a group that came to be known as the “Plumbers.” • Their job was to respond to “leaks” of secret information

  10. Watergate • In 1971 the Plumbers tried to damage the reputation of Daniel Ellsberg—the man who had leaked the Pentagon Papers—by breaking into Ellsberg’s psychiatrist’s office and looking for information on Ellsberg.

  11. Watergate • In early 1972 the Plumbers decided to break into the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate hotel to collect information about the Democratic strategy for the 1972 election.

  12. WATERGATE BurglarsJune 17 1972 • Bernard L. Barker - Former Central Intelligence Agency operative. Barker was said to have been involved in the Bay of Pigs incident in 1962. • Virgilio R. Gonzales - a locksmith from Cuba

  13. WATERGATE

  14. Watergate On June 17, 1972, police arrested five men who had broken into the offices of the Democratic National Committee. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of the Washington Post refused to let the story die and continued to investigate the break-in.

  15. Watergate Becomes Public • Two Washington Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, begin to follow the story, despite having difficulty getting information. • The reporters are assisted by an anonymous FBI official known as “Deepthroat.” • Deepthroat did not disclose, but confirmed information that White House aides controlled the actions of the Plumbers, the burglars that had broken into the DNC. They were revealed to be the White House’s fix-it group. • Despite mounting evidence, Nixon will continue to claim his innocence.

  16. Watergate • The Post reported that the break-in was part of a widespread spying effort by the Nixon campaign, but this did not seem to affect voters. • On election day Nixon won one of the most overwhelming victories in U.S. history.

  17. Nixon continued to deny his involvement in the break-in or a cover-up. Public confidence in Nixon was very low. The White House revealed that an 18-minute portion of the tape had been erased. There were calls for impeachment. Nixon released some transcripts of the tapes in the spring of 1974. The Watergate Scandal

  18. The Saturday Night Massacre • Nixon argued that executive privilege gave him the right to withhold the tapes. • Investigators rejected Nixon’s claim of executive privilege and Special Prosecutor Cox and the Senate Watergate committee issued subpoenas demanding the tapes. • In response, Nixon executed the so-called Saturday night massacre. • Nixon directed attorney general Elliot Richardson to fire Cox. He refused and quit. • Nixon then ordered Richardson’s assistant to fire Cox. He refused and resigned. • Finally, the third-ranking official in the Justice Department fired Cox. • The president’s actions shocked the public.

  19. Nixon Resigns • The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must hand over the tapes. • At the same time, the House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend impeachment. • On August 8, 1974, Nixon resigned the presidency. • He must have known that the tapes would reveal clear evidence of his wrongdoings.

  20. President Nixon Resigns • The White House tapes reveal that Nixon ordered the cover-up of the Watergate break-ins. • Before he is impeached, President Nixon will become the first and only President to resign his position. • Americans will continue to down the road of mistrust, not only of the President, but the entire government body. • Nixon will later reveal that he felt that as President, he was allowed to do anything as President.

  21. Trial- John Sirca • 7 men on trial • 5 pled guilty, 2 convicted by jury • Claimed they were pressured into guilty plee • White House aides: Haldeman and Erlichman resigned • Nixon denied any personal knowledge

  22. More Drama • V.P. Agnew resigns- income tax evasion • Gerald Ford takes position • Nixon tries compromise on tapes

  23. Removal of Nixon • 16 impeachment resolutions • Nixon refused to hand over tapes • Released 1,200 pages of edited transcripts • Judge Sirica releases report naming Nixon as Conspirator in Watergate Cover-up • 3 tapes released publicly (smoking gun) • Announces resignation -1974

  24. POST NIXON YEARS GERALD FORD- WILLIAM CLINTON

  25. GERAL FORD BACKGROUND • TOOK V.P. WHEN SPIRO AGNEW RESIGNED • BECOMES 1ST PRES. NOT ELECTED AS V.P. OR PRES. • PARDONS NIXON FOR WATERGATE • LIMITED AMNESTY FOR VIETNAM DODGERS • 2 years public services • WIN Program- emergency surcharge on corporate profits

  26. What’s going on now? • Democrats have control of Congress • Most governorships are Democrat • Patty Hearst kidnapping • Hank Aaron breaks homerun record • Frank Robinson becomes first Black manager • Hyde Amendment- cut off funding for abortions

  27. FOREIGN POLICY • Cambodia • Mayaguez seized by Cambodians • Military operation ( 15 deaths) • George Bush became CIA director • OPEC oil prices increase • Energy crisis • Trying to prevent future shortages • Intensified debate over nuclear energy • Brown’s Ferry, Alabama

  28. James Carter- 39th President • ELECTION OF 1976 • D= CARTER (MONDALE) • R= FORD (DOLE ) • 1st debate between V.P. candidates • Nuclear physicist • Gov. of GA • Cold, could not inspire • Wants to cut spending

  29. DOMESTIC ISSUES • EXPANSION OF FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY • Dept. of Energy • Dept. of Education • Congressional loans to bail out Chrysler • National Women’s Conference • Houston, asking for ERA amendment • 38 needed

  30. Military Actions • 77- Neutron Bomb developed • Reimposed draft registration • Min. wage increased from $2.30- $3.35 • Bakke v. U of CA- racial quotas • Shift to the Right in Am. Culture • Moral Majority- Jerry Falwell • Conservative Christians

  31. OTHER EVENTS… • THREE MILE ISLAND • PENN., 1979 • PANAMA CANAL TREATY • CAMP DAVID PEACE CONFERENCE • Carter meets with • Egyptian Pres. Anwar-El Sadat • Israeli Prime Minister Menachim Begin

  32. PROBLEMS IN IRAN • SHAH OF IRAN- • LEFT IRAN • U.S. SUPPORTED • IRAN REVOLUTIONARIES SEIZE THE U.S. EMBASSY • TAKE 90 HOSTAGES (65 AMERICANS) • HELD FOR 444 DAYS • HURTS CARTERS REPUTATION • DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS SEVERED • DESERT ONE –military rescue, aborted • Released on next inauguration day

  33. Ronald Reagan-40th President • Blamed falling prestige of US on Carter • “Discomfort context” (unemployment and inflation) • Reagan promises: Voodoo Economics • Tax reductions to businesses • Balanced budget • Supply side economics • Cut income taxes • Boost defense budget

  34. Reagan • Opposes legalized abortions • Stalls ERA • Democrats make Reagan’s age a factor-69 • Reagan-Democrats • New Federalism • Census and elderly, 25% • Those who retired rose 50% • Shift of population to the South=conservatism

  35. REAGANOMICS • ECONOMIC RECOVERY TAX ACT • Designed to boost economy • Unemployment rose • High interest rate • 1.Congress cuts $ from domestic programs • 2. 1 million food stamp recipients cut • 3. trickle down profits • 4. largest tax cut in history- $750 billion • David Stockman- budget director • Increased military spending-$1.7 trillion

  36. REAGAN • HIGEST EMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION • SANDRA DAY O’ CONNER • SALLY RIDE • ABORTION AMENDMENT FAILS • Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) • AIDS 1ST OBSERVED IN us IN 1981 • Surgeon General- Everet Koop

  37. MORE REAGAN • Assassination attempt • JOHN HINCKLEY • Shot Jim Brady also • School Prayer amendment fails • Sends forces into Lebanon, Nicaragua • Invasion of Grenada • A New American Emancipation • Too much liberalism • Challenger explodes-86

  38. Economic Issues • Gramm-Rudman Bill- called for a balanced budget • Debt grew $954 billion in 5 years • Tax Reform Act-1986 • Lowered personal income taxes • Alan Greenspan- Federal Reserve Board • Stock Market Crash –87

  39. REAGAN SCANDALS • Rita Lavelle and the EPA- perjury • Administrators of CIA and Dept. of Defenese • Iran- Contra affair ruined his image • North and Poindexter • Libyian Airstrike • Latin America • Manuel Noriega-drug trafficking • Troops sent in • Persian Gulf hostilities

  40. Reagan Policies Continued • Election of 1988 • R=Bush • D=Dukakis • Solid South votes Republican • Bush Administration • Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill • Tougher Clean Air Act-1990 • Americans with Disabilities Act • Bush Congress agreement- raise taxes

  41. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS • IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT • BUSH SENDS FORCES • German Reunification- wall torn down • Election of 1992 • R= Bush, Quayle • D=Clinton, Gore • I= Perot

  42. WILLIAM CLINTON • DOMESTIC ISSUES • HILLARY HEADS HEALTH CARE PROGRAM • PROPOSAL TO LIFT BAN ON HOMOSEXUALS IN MILITARY • LIFTS RESTRICTIONS ON ABORTIONS • RUTH BADER GINSBURG

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