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Greece

Greece. (1750 B.C. – 133 B.C.). Early People of the Aegean. Minoans. An ancient civilization that flourished on Crete Based on trade, not conquest Palace at Knossos Vanished by 1400 B.C. Knossos, the Minoan Palace. Mycenae. Invaders who helped destroy Minoan civilization

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Greece

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  1. Greece (1750 B.C. – 133 B.C.)

  2. Early People of the Aegean

  3. Minoans • An ancient civilization that flourished on Crete • Based on trade, not conquest • Palace at Knossos • Vanished by 1400 B.C.

  4. Knossos, the Minoan Palace

  5. Mycenae • Invaders who helped destroy Minoan civilization • First Greek-speaking people of whom we have written record • Successful sea traders with wealthy warrior kings • Best remembered for their part in the Trojan War

  6. Troy http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Troy/

  7. Thick walls of a Mycenaean fortress.

  8. The Mycenaeans collected hoards of treasure. Mask of Agamemnon

  9. Mycenean gold from shaft graves in Mycenaeas displayed in the National Archaeological Museumin Athens

  10. Polis • Usually developed around a fort • Covered a small area of land • Most had a population of fewer than 10,000 • Only free adult males had citizenship rights • Had an agora, or marketplace

  11. Geography of Greece • Mountainous, rugged land kept civilization divided into independent, often rivaling city-states • The seas were vital link to the world outside. Greeks became skilled sailors and traders. • Greeks carried ideas and culture wherever they went.

  12. Early Governments • Polis – city-state (acropolis & lower main city) • Monarchy – rule by a king or queen • Aristocracy – rule by land holding elite • Oligarchy – rule by small group (usually business class)

  13. Changes in Warfare • Iron weapons replaced bronze ones (Bronze is typically 60% copper and 40% tin.) • Phalanx – massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers, required long hours of drill

  14. Forces for Unity • Sharing a common culture • Religious beliefs • View of non-Greeks (barbaroi) • Olympic Games

  15. Olympic Games • Began in Olympia, a Greek city-state • Athletic contests honored Zeus • Helped unify Greece • Warring city-states would call a truce so that people could attend the games.

  16. Mt. Olympus, Greece

  17. Homeric Age • Did not have a very advanced civilization • Epic poems Iliadand Odyssey, written by blind poet Homer

  18. Sparta • City-state of warriors • A military state • Children began military training at 7 yrs old • Women were supposed to exercise and bear healthy children • Isolated from other Greeks

  19. Athens • Athens symbolized freedom, art, and democracy. The city-state took its name from Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge. • Sparta’s strongest rival, wealthy and powerful • Limited democracy • Solon, a wise and trusted leader made many reforms • Legislature developed later

  20. Daily life in Athens • Economy based on trade • Magnificent temples & public buildings • Great value placed on literacy & education • Ethics– deals with what is good and bad, moral duty • Rhetoric– study of public speaking and debate

  21. The Parthenon

  22. Amphitheater in Athens Measures 80m in diameter and can hold 5,000 people. It was originally covered by a cedar roof. The orchestra and seating have all been restored so that the odeon can be used for concerts today.

  23. Expansion of Greece

  24. Persian Wars • 500 B.C. Athens the wealthiest city-state • Persian empire threatening borders, taking Greek city-states of Ionia • Athens came Ionia’s aid when they rebelled against the Persians • Ionians fell but Athens now had a reputation

  25. Darius I of Persia Spartans throw a Persian envoy down a well

  26. Greek Hoplites. The warriors are shown in two attack positions, with both an overhand and underhand thrust.

  27. Marathon and more… • “Remember the Athenians” • Athenians triumph over Persians led by Darius at Marathon edsitement.neh.gov/Persian01_flash_page.asp • Darius’ son Xerxes came back, defeated the Spartans (Battle of Thermopylae) and marched to Athens • Athenians withdrew from the city and used their ships to destroy the Persian fleet • Forced Greeks to become more unified edsitement.neh.gov/PersiaGreeceWars01.asp

  28. Delian League • An alliance of city-states with Athens as leader

  29. Golden Age of Pericles480 - 431 BC • The years after the Persian Wars were a golden age for Athens • Pericles, a wise and skillful leader, helped the government become more democratic • Set up a direct democracy • The Acropolis was rebuilt with beautiful statues and new temples • Growing resentment from the other city-states

  30. Pericles Contemporary reconstruction of Athena.  The original was made of gold and ivory over a wood frame, was 30 feet high, and was located in the main inner room of the Parthenon.

  31. “The Peloponnesus [Sparta] and Athens were both full of young men whose inexperience made them eager to take up arms.” - Thucydides

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