1. FUELS LIQUID FUELS AND MINING OF PETROLEUM --- Dr Nusrath Junaidi

2. LIQUID FUELS • The word petroleum is derived Petro= Rock and Oleum= Oil. It is dark greenish brown, viscous oil found deep in earth's crust may be offshore or onshore. • It is composed of many hydrocarbons like straight paraffins, cycloparaffins or naphthalene, olefins and aromatics together with small amount of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.

3. COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM • C= 79.5 to 87.1% • H= 11.5 to 14.8% • S= 0.1 to 3.5% • O= 0.1 to 0.9% • N= 0.4 to 0.9%

4. CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM • Paraffinic: It mainly consists of paraffinic hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, and propane. These oils leaves a deposit of solid particles wax on distillation. • Asphalt base oils: It largely consists of non-paraffinic hydrocarbons such as aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons. These oils leaves asphalt or bitumen on distillation. • Mixed -base oils : These are mixture of paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. On distillation some wax appears in the distillate and the residue mainly consists of asphalt.

5. MINING OF PETROLEUM.

6. MINING OF PETROLEUM. • Petroleum always occurs at different depths at different places varying from 500 feet to 15,000 feet. • It is brought to the surface by drilling holes in the earth's crust up to the oil sand below the oil deposit and sinking pipe until the drill penetrates the oil bearing sand. • Since the oil inside the earth is enveloped by natural gas, sometimes it comes out very rapidly through the pipes, because of the high pressure exerted by the natural gas.

7. When the pressure of the gas diminishes, pumping through the pipes by ordinary lift pumps the oil out. • In this method two coaxial pipes are lowered into the bore and compressed air is blown through the outer pipe. • When oil comes out through the inner pipe, it is stored in big steel tank from where it is taken to the refineries through pipelines laid on the ground or buried few metres underground.

8. REFERENCES • Engineering Chemistry- Jain & Jain. [Dhanpat Rai] • Engineering Chemistry- Dara & Dara [S Chand] • Engineering Chemistry- Wiley India. [ISBN- 9788126519880] • A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry- Shashi Chawla. [Dhanpat Rai]