FRENCH REVOLUTION

1. FRENCH REVOLUTION Napoleon & Latin American Independence

2. 7 Year’s War • Had to do with a woman becoming empress of Austria- Prussia contested it. • Austria (with Great Britain) v. Prussia (with France). • War fought in Europe, Asia & North America. • Called the French & Indian War in North America. • Result: Stalemate with a few changes. British got India and Canada and lands east of the Mississippi.

3. AMERICAN REVOLUTION • Inspired by Enlightenment ideas: Especially John Locke. • Colonists unhappy about British taxes. Revolted. • July 4, 1776- Issued Declaration of Independence which said people had the right “to alter or abolish” unjust governments. This idea is from John Locke although written by Thomas Jefferson. • George Washington was commander in chief of military. • British defeated in 1781 and colonies became the United States of America. At first a Confederacy, but later created the Constitution and a Bill of Rights. • Inspired by Enlightenment and Greek/Roman ideas about Democracy • Got idea about separation of powers in order to protect people’s liberties from Montesquieu. • Bill of Rights- Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, assembly, bear arms; protections against unreasonable searches and arrests; guarantees trial by jury, due process, etc.

4. FRENCH REVOLUTION • French Society divided into Three Estates: First- Clergy; Second- Nobles/Aristocrats; Third- Peasants/Merchants, everyone else. • Third was largest group but owned smallest amount of land and were only group to pay taxes. This made them unhappy. • France was undergoing a financial crisis and King Louis XVI was forced to call the Estates General (like Congress). Third Estate then declared it was the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. • July 14, 1789- Storming of the Bastille. • Great Fear. • National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen- inspired by US Declaration of Independence and Enlightenment ideas. Also created a new Constitution and a LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. • Went to war with Austria. • Paris Commune wanted more radical change. Sans culottes. • NATIONAL CONVENTION created. Violence erupted. • FIRST REPUBLIC created and was dominated by the Jacobins. Louis XVI put to death with guillotine. • COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY, led by Robespierre, created to find and execute “threats to the republic”. • 40,000 people killed during the REIGN OF TERROR. • 1794- French beat foreign foes. Terror ended when Robespierre put to death. • New Government: THE DIRECTORY. Still tumultuous until Napoleon took over in 1799 (end of revolution)

5. THE AGE OF NAPOLEON • From Corsica. Went to military school. Rose quickly in military and became a brigadier general at age 24. Won several major battles which made him famous in France. • Invaded Egypt, a British colony. • Coup d’etat in 1799- overthrew Directory and created a consulate with him holding absolute power. 1804: Named himself Emperor. • Made peace with Catholic Church • Created a Napoleonic Code of Laws: Equality before law, religious freedom, etc. But less rights for women and children. • Built schools and emphasized education. • Created a strong administration. • Created a French Empire: France, Italy, Spain, Holland, Switzerland, Poland, Germany all conquered. • Could not conquer Britain. Tried to use Continental System (weaken British trade) but didn’t work. • Nationalism rose and conquered people were united in their hatred of French invaders. • Invasion of Russia was a disaster! Winter crippled the army (40,000 of 600,000 survived invasion). • European states attacked weakened France and Napoleon was sent in Exile to Elba and Louis XVIII made king of France. • Napoleon returned for 100 days but was defeated in Waterloo and sent to St. Helena where he died in 1821.

6. EUROPEAN POLTICS AFTER REVOLUTION/NAPOLEON • Congress of Vienna: 1814- Goal is to create a balance of power where one country could not dominate Europe. Metternich of Austria had a Conservatism philosophy with strong political authority favored. New principle of intervention where powers had right to armies to countries with revolutions to restore order. • New forces in European countries: Liberalism (people wanted rights and liberties, religious freedom, Constitution, etc.); Nationalism (people identify with their country and have a strong sense of loyalty; want their country unified and free of other countries). • French Revolution (again): Monarchy overthrown and a SECOND REPUBLIC was created with a President- Louis Napoleon. • Germany tried and failed to unite. • Minority groups in the Austrian Empire tried to revolt but they were crushed. • Crimean War: Russia v. Ottoman Empire b/c Russia wanted warm-water port. Other European powers got involved. Destroyed the Congress of Vienna. • Italy united (1870) under the leadership of King Victor Emmanual II, Camillodi Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi. • Germany united under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, mostly due to his Iron Will and his policy of Realpolitik.

7. LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE • Most of Latin America was a colony of Spain; however, Portugal, England and France also had colonies. • Social Classes: Peninsulares- Spanish and Portuguese officials. Creoles- decendants of Europeans living there permanently. Mestizo- mixture of European and native culture. • Latin America inspired by U.S. and French Revolutions and Enlightenment thinking. • Haiti: First slave revolt. Let by Francois Toussaint-Louverture, a former slave. First Latin American nation to get independence in 1804. • Mexico: 9/16/1810- Father Miguel Hidalgo led first revolt against Spain. Led by Iturbide, got Independence in 1821. • South America: Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela are the “liberators” of South America. 1810-1824. • Most of Latin America soon became controlled by Caudillos, strong leaders backed by military and wealthy. • Great Britain and the United States began dominating Latin American economies.