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The Battle of Monmouth in 1779 marked a crucial turning point in the American Revolution. General Washington and the Continental Army clashed with the British near Monmouth, New Jersey. Initially led by General Charles Lee, the assault turned into chaos when Lee ordered a retreat, prompting Washington to charge forward and salvage the situation. By day's end, the British were forced to pull back, signifying a momentum shift in the war. The conflict soon shifted to the South, where figures like Francis Marion, known as the "Swamp Fox," played key roles in guerrilla warfare. General Nathaniel Greene's strategic maneuvers exhausted British forces, while George Rogers Clark's campaign in the West secured control of the Ohio Valley. With significant help from Spain's Bernardo de Galvez, the Americans scored victories that culminated in the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. This led to the Treaty of Paris in 1783, officially recognizing the United States as an independent nation and delineating its territorial boundaries.
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Chapter 8 Section 4 “The End of the War”
The Battle of Monmouth 1779 • In 1779, Washington and the Continental Army had the British on the run and chased them across New Jersey. • They caught up with the British near the town of Monmouth and attacked. • General Charles Lee, Washington’s second-in-command, was in charge of leading the assault on the British rear guard. • When British reinforcements arrived, Lee ordered a retreat. • Washington charged forward to halt the retreat. • By the end of the day, the British were pulling back.
The War Moves South • Having failed in the Northern states, Britain moved the war to the South. • The patriot cause was kept alive by guerilla fighters like Francis Marion, the famous “swamp fox”. • Marion’s guerillas repeatedly attacked the British, then faded like ghosts into tidewater swamps. • They terrorized Loyalist militia and kept the British busy protecting supply lines. Guerillas: soldiers who are not part of the regular army who make hit and run attacks.
1780 • Washington sent his best commander, General Nathaniel Greene, to the South to slow the British advance. • The troops, under General Greene, exhausted General Cornwallis and the British army.
War in the South 1780 General Nathaniel Greene General Cornwallis
War in the West • Americans led by George Rogers Clark seized control of the Ohio Valley. • Clark planned to drive the British out of the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes region. • By 1779 Americans controlled the Ohio River Valley.
Help from Spain • In 1779, Bernardo de Galvez, the Gov. of Spanish Louisiana pulled together a force from Spain, Mexico, and the Caribbean. • This force drove British troops from their forts along the Mississippi River. • 1781; Galvez organized a much larger army and attacked the British in Pensacola, Florida. • 2,500 British soldiers were trapped. They could not come to the aid of Cornwallis.
The War Ends • October 1781: American and French troops trapped Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. • The British surrendered. • The war was over.
Treaty of Paris • Early in 1783, the British and Americans signed a peace treaty in Paris, France. • Britain recognized the United States as an independent nation. • Granted the U.S. all lands from the Atlantic Coast to the Mississippi River, and from Florida to Canada.
