1. Water Pollution Ch. 20

2. APES • Put name on water, put on side lab bench (by other water) • Get out GHG & Ozone Graphs of Tables 1 & 2.

3. How to Collect Water Samples

4. What is Water Pollution? • Change in water quality that can harm organisms or make water unfit for human uses • Contamination with chemicals • Excessive heat

5. Sources of Water Pollution Point Source Nonpoint Source Broad, diffuse areas Difficult to identify & control Expensive to clean up Runoff Croplands Urban streets Feedlots Parking Lots • Located at specific places • Easy to identify, monitor & regulate - drain pipes - factories - sewage treatment - underground mines - oil tankers

6. Point Source of Polluted Water in Gargas, France Fig. 20-3, p. 530

7. Nonpoint Sediment from Unprotected Farmland Flows into Streams Fig. 20-4, p. 530

8. NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Suburban development Factory Wastewater treatment plant Point & Nonpoint Sources

9. Major Types of Pollutants • Sewage • Disease Agents • Sediment • Inorganic Plant & Algal Nutrients • Organic Compounds • Inorganic Compounds • Radioactives • Thermal Pollution Review Table 20.1!!

10. Major Types of Pollutants

11. Major Types of Pollutants

12. Major Types of Pollutants Turbidity: cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended particles

13. Major Types of Pollutants

14. Major Types of Pollutants

15. Major Types of Pollutants

16. Major Types of Pollutants

17. Major Types of Pollutants

18. Common Diseases Transmitted Through Contaminated Drinking Water

19. Leading Causes of Water Pollution • Agriculture activities • Sediment eroded from the lands • Fertilizers and pesticides • Bacteria from livestock and food processing wastes • Industrial facilities • Mining

20. Effects of YUCK water The World Health Organization (WHO) • 1.6 million people die every year, mostly under the age of 5 • Diarrhea

21. How do we measure water quality? • Using DO + BOD measurements • Using Coliform bacteria: Escherichia Coli tests • Using Chemical Analysis • Presence/Absence and concentration • Using Indicator Species • Macroinvertebrates • Using Physical Analysis • Turbidity – cloudiness • Temperature

22. What is Dissolved Oxygen? • Amount of oxygen measured in water • Measured in milligrams per Liter (mg/L) OR parts per million (ppm) • mg/L = ppm

23. How do we measure water quality? Measuring the level of Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

24. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) & Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) • Dissolved Oxygen – Amount of oxygen dissolved in solution • BOD- rate at which organisms use up oxygen in water • The rate of oxygen consumption in a stream is affected by: temp., pH, microorganisms, type of organic/inorganic material in water

26. Pollution of Streams

27. Point source Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Pollution- tolerant fishes (carp, gar) Fish absent, fungi, sludge worms, bacteria (anaerobic) Pollution- tolerant fishes (carp, gar) Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) 8 ppm Types of organisms 8 ppm Dissolved oxygen (ppm) Biochemical oxygen demand Clean Zone Recovery Zone Septic Zone Decomposition Zone Clean Zone Fig. 20-7, p. 534

28. Why does dissolved oxygen decrease as biological oxygen demand increases? • Dissolved oxygen decreases when organic pollutants enter the water because bacteria uses the oxygen for decomposition.

29. How do we measure water quality? Presence or Absence of Harmful Pollutants Concentration of Harmful Pollutants Drinking water 0 colonies per 100 ml Swimming water 200 colonies per 100 ml HUMAN CONSUMPTION RECREATION Fecal Coliform Test

30. How do we measure water quality? • Chemical analysis • Presence/Absence • Concentration • Tests • pH • Alkalinity • Carbon Dioxide • Hardness (concentrations of Ca & Mg) • Nitrates • Silicates • Phosphates • Conductivity – (Cl, N, S, P, NA, etc.)

31. How do we measure water quality? • Indicator Species • Macro invertebrates

32. How do we measure water quality? • Physical Analysis • Turbidity • Cloudiness – generally caused by phytoplankton • Higher turbidity = higher risk of disease • Temperature • Affects other parameters • DO • types of plants/animals

33. APES • Turn in GHG & Ozone graphs and analysis • Get out Ch. 20 Water Pollution Notes

34. Pollution of Lakes • Less effective at diluting pollutants • Stratified layers • Little to no flow

35. Pollution of Lakes • Slow Turnover • Flushing & changing of water temp. • Thermal Stratification • Little vertical mixing • Biological Magnification • Increase in the concentration of chemicals in organisms at successively higher trophic levels of a food chain • Eutrophication • Natural nutrient enrichment of lakes

36. Water 0.000002 ppm Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm Herring gull 124 ppm Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Zooplankton 0.123ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Rainbow smelt 1.04 ppm Biomagnification

37. Cultural Eutrophication: Too Much of a Good Thing* Caused by runoff of plant nutrients - nitrates - phosphates

39. Eutrophic Lake Environmental Problems • excess nutrients enter water system • increases photosynthetic productivity • numbers of algae and cyanobacteria increase • water become cloudy (turbid) from population increase • populations die off and sink to bottom • become food for decomposers • decomposers  BOD but DO in waters • fish die off • other species take root in nutrient rich sediments and begin to fill in waters

40. Eutrophic Lakes • Prevention • Remove nitrates & phosphates • Diversion of water • Clean Up • Remove excess weeds • Use herbicides & algaecides (downside? ) • Pump in air

41. Oligotrophic Lake • Low Nutrients • Clear Water • Small pop. of aquatic orgs.

42. Reducing Surface Water Pollution Nonpoint Source Point Sources Clean Water Act Water Quality Act • Reduce Runoff • Buffer Zone Vegetation • Reduce Soil Erosion

43. Groundwater Pollution

44. Groundwater Pollution • It can take hundreds to thousands of years for contaminated groundwater to cleanse itself of degradablewastes. • Nondegradable wastes (toxic lead, arsenic, fluoride) are there permanently. • Slowlydegradablewastes (DDT) are there for decades.

45. Groundwater Pollution • Source of drinking water • Common pollutants • Fertilizers & Pesticides • Gasoline • Organic Solvents • Pollutants dispersed in a widening plume • Pollutants fill porous rock, sand, bedrock, like water saturates a sponge

46. Leaking tank Aquifer Bedrock Water table Groundwater flow Free gasoline dissolves in groundwater (dissolved phase) Gasoline leakage plume (liquid phase) Migrating vapor phase Water well Contaminant plume moves with the groundwater Fig. 21-8, p. 502

47. Groundwater Cannot Cleanse Itself Very Well • Slow Flow: Contaminants not diluted • Less Dissolved Oxygen • Fewer decomposing bacteria • Low Temps.

48. Groundwater Pollution Sources Polluted air Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides and fertilizers Coal strip mine runoff Deicing road salt Buried gasoline and solvent tanks Cesspool, septic tank Pumping well Gasoline station Water pumping well Waste lagoon Sewer Landfill Leakage from faulty casing Accidental spills Discharge Freshwater aquifer Freshwater aquifer Freshwater aquifer Groundwater flow Fig. 20-13, p. 540

49. Pollution Prevention = Only Effective Way to Protect Groundwater! • Cleanup = expensive & time consuming

50. Groundwater Pollution PREVENTION • Monitoring aquifers • Leak detection systems • Use toxic chemical substitutes • Strict regulation – hazardous waste disposal • Storing hazardous wastes materials above ground