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Understanding the Cytoskeleton: Structure, Functions, and Components in Eukaryotic Cells

The cytoskeleton is an essential structure in all eukaryotic cells, providing support and facilitating movement. Composed of three types of fibers—microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments—each plays a unique role. Microtubules, made of tubulin, are crucial for organelle movement and chromatid separation during cell division. Microfilaments, primarily made of actin, contribute to cell shape and movement. Intermediate filaments offer mechanical support, especially in areas prone to stress. Understanding these components is vital for comprehending cell function and division.

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Understanding the Cytoskeleton: Structure, Functions, and Components in Eukaryotic Cells

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  1. Structure and function of cell components Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Membranes Cytoskeleton

  2. Structure of cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton is found in all eukaryote cells • It is anchored in the cell membrane via membrane proteins • It is composed of 3 types of fibre microfilaments

  3. Microtubules • Found in all eukaryote cells • Hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin • Radiate from the MTOC (microtubule organising centre), stretch to plasma membrane • MTOC changes length of microtubule by assembling and disassembly ends • Microtubules can be assembled and disassembled rapidly • Components of microtubules become spindle fibres during cell division

  4. Microtubules cont…. • Function • Provide structural support by resisting compression • Have a role in organelle movement • Separate chromatids during cell division • Components of cilia, flagella and centrioles

  5. Microfilaments • Made of actin protein • Present throughout the cell, but most common just inside the plasma membrane • Readily assembled and disassembled • Function • Involved in cell membrane movements e.g. Endocytosis / Phagocytosis • Give cell shape • Are part of the contractile ring that forms the two daughter cells during cytokinesis of animal cells

  6. Intermediate filaments • Mostly made of keratin proteins • Not found in all cells • Probably permanent (cannot be assembled and disassembled) although cells may be able to regulate length • Function • Very stable tough fibres providing cell support • Abundant in areas of a cell subject to mechanical stress

  7. Learning Activities • Read and take notes from DART pg (58-60) • Scholar 5.3 • Look back at the role of MTOCs and spindle fibres in cell division (cell cycle notes) • Create a list of cytoskeleton functions and remember it • Advanced Higher Questions

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