1. Grammar = Connection Girl the a Monday fell found feather then on she revery into and. The girl found a feather on Monday and then she fell into revery.

2. GRAMMAR = CONNECTION = MEANING

3. Clause = Subject + Verb • Maryran. But clauses do not always make sentences: In the morning before Johnwas able to imbibe the coffee which hedepends on to keep him afloat through the rest of the day teaching English in an age of declining literacy.

4. Modifiers: Adjective + Adverb That brash young girl ran so smugly yesterday.

5. A preposition shows a relationbetween:the noun (object) which always follows itand some other noun or verb in the sentence. The artistunder the awning paints only during the bullfights.

6. Phrases: Adjective+ Adverb That brash young girl in the green sweater ran so smugly over her opposition.

7. Nouns: Subjects and Objects Subjects DO things; Objects DON’T My uncle robs banks in the summer. The fascination of the abomination worried Marlow and ruined Kurtz during their sojourn in Africa.

8. Noun as subject completion A noun following the verb “TO BE” will be a subject. Acat is (=) a carnivore. His answer was (=) the truth. The only action that I can consider will be(=) war. That cat killed this carnivore and his action started this war.

9. Noun as Object The teacher asked a question. Mary passed the test. John ordered a pizza. Object of a verb The teacher in the libraryasked a question about the testonhistory. Object of a Preposition The teacher asked John the question when Mary gave her the wrong answer. Indirect Object

10. Coordinate Conjunctions Co- means “equals” Coordinate conjunctions join constructions of “equal order.” John and Maryran and swamdown the road and across the river, but they were found quickly and easily by the dogs.

11. Subordinate Conjunctions 1 “Strong, surgically precise clause connectors” joining adverb clauses: I wrote because I was concerned. The princess disappeared as the clock struck. If you speak clearly, I will listen. Although I find it hard, I will try. Since you ask, I will tell you. Throw the ball when I count to four. reason time condition ??? reason time

12. Subordinate Conjunctions 2 “strong, surgically precise clause connectors” Relative pronouns begin adjective clauses: The tire that failed was a Firestone. The girl who spoke is my sister. I have an idea which should please you all. The girl whom you met last night knows Jill. My sister,who works at Sobeys, is rich. My sister who works at Sobeys is rich but my other one is poor.

13. Subordinate Conjunctions 3 Relative pronouns starting subordinate noun clauses: Whatever you wantpleases me too. You will seewhomever you want. I know you bywhat you do in life. Whom you marryis your business. I understandthat you are tired. I seehow it goes now. What I sayiswhat I do. I told whom you said the answer. Subject of verb Object of verb Object of preposition Subject of verb Object of verb Object of verb Subject of verb & subject completion Indirect object

14. Clauses: Principal + Subordinate The girl ran and the boy rested. The girl ran; the boy rested. The girl ranwhen the boy rested. (second clause modifies [subordinate to] “ran”) The girlwho wears the Nikesran. (Modifies the noun “girl”) The girl wearswhat she wants.(Noun object of the verb “wears”)

15. Verbals: ½ Verbs + ½ __?__ Gerund: present participle as verbal noun Smoking cigarettes causes nasty cancers. (“Smoking is the subject of “causes.” ½ noun + ½ v.) Participle: present participle as verbal adjective The girl smoking cigarettes invites nasty cancers. (“smoking” modifies “girl” – ½ adjective + ½ v.) Participle: past participle as verbal adjective The cigarette smoked by the girl smelled rank. (“smoked” modifies “cigarette” – ½ adjective + ½ v. Infinitive: verbal as noun, adjective, or adverb The girl likes to smoke cigarettes. ( 1/2 noun + ½ v.) There is no good way to smoke cigarettes. (1/2 adj. + ½ v.) The girl stopped to smoke a cigarette. (1/2 adverb + ½ v.)

16. Verbal Review The grenade, held by a psychotic and threatening to explode, emptied the room quickly. Threatening the public like that created a fear both terrifying and real. Frightened by this violent behavior, several children began screaming in terrified voices. It is not amusing to terrify children by waving live grenades.

17. Verbal Review The grenade, held by a psychotic and threateningto explode, emptied the room quickly. Threatening the public like that created a fear both terrifying and real. participle gerund Frightened by this violent behavior, several children began screaming in terrified voices. infinitive It is not amusingto terrify children by waving live grenades.