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Objectives

Integrating Evidence into Clinical Practice in Stroke Rehabilitation: The Forgotten Revolution Robert Teasell MD FRCPC Professor and Chair-Chief Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. Objectives. Understand the evidence for why stroke rehabilitation works

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Objectives

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  1. Integrating Evidence into Clinical Practice in Stroke Rehabilitation: The Forgotten RevolutionRobert Teasell MD FRCPC Professor and Chair-ChiefPhysical Medicine & Rehabilitation

  2. Objectives • Understand the evidence for why stroke rehabilitation works • Appreciate the gaps between real-life practice and the evidence • Build support for evidence-based practice and innovation

  3. The Forgotten Revolution in Stroke Rehabilitation • Stroke rehab works! • Once stroke occurs rehab offers best opportunity for improving outcomes • Confluence of animal and clinical evidence (almost 500 RCTs) points to efficacy and benefits of investing in stroke rehab • Demand for stroke rehab is increasing • Good care saves money and improves lives • Stroke rehab should be transforming!

  4. The Forgotten Revolution in Stroke Rehabilitation • Evidence is being ignored • We have an antiquated and increasingly inadequate system • Stroke rehab not changed in 4 decades • Undervalued and organized in an ad hoc fashion • Not rehabilitating at the right time, in the right place with the right treatment • Need system change and reinvestment!

  5. PSROP (Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Outcomes Project) • Study of 7 stroke rehab centers (6 in United States, n=1161; 1 in New Zealand, n=130) • Comprehensive study of stroke rehabilitation examining the “black box” • Compare with IBM Data of Canadian Centers (most in Ontario)

  6. Comparing US to Canada

  7. What do the PSROP (U.S.) Centers Do Differently? (FIM efficiency 2.5X) • Pts get admitted to specialized inter-disciplinary stroke rehab units • Admitted earlier and more disabled • More intensive therapy (incl. W/E) • Less time in assessments • Move to high level tasks early • Well developed outpatient services • Apply best-evidence to save money!

  8. The Benefits of Stroke Rehab

  9. Meta analysis of RCTs 29 trials (6536 patients) • Mortality at 1 year 0.86 (0.71-0.94) • Death or dependence 0.78 (0.68-0.89) • Death or institution 0.80 (0.71-0.90) Independent of age and gender Trials primarily acute-subacute rehab or subacute rehab

  10. Indredavik et al. (1990) (Combined acute-subacute stroke unit) • Randomized 220 acute strokes to Stroke Unit or General Medical Unit • Maintained treatment for 6 weeks • Outcomes: home vs institution, mortality, Barthel index - at 6 and 52 weeks, 5 and 10 years

  11. Indredavik et al. (1990) at 6 weeks Significant benefit still seen at 10 years

  12. Ronning and Guldvog (1998) (Subacute rehab unit) • Randomized Controlled Trial • n = 251 stroke patients • Inpatient rehab unit (RU) vs. ad-hoc care in community (CR)

  13. Ronning and Guldvog (1998) Characteristics: • Acute stay 10 days – randomized to treatment (rehab) or control (community care) • Rehab Unit LOS = 27.8 days • Community Care - 40% nursing home, 30% outpatient therapy, 30% no formal rehab treatment

  14. Ronning and Guldvog (1998) Results: • 7 month follow-up for all stroke patients • Dependent (BI < 75) or dead - 23% vs 38% (p=.01) • 39% reduction in worse outcomes with stroke rehab

  15. Rønning & Guldvog (1998) Moderate to Severe Strokes • Moderate to severe stroke (BI<50) (n=114): • 62% CR vs 32% RU dead or dependent (p=.002) • 48% reduction in bad outcomes • Barthel Index scores - 90 vs. 73 (p=.005)

  16. Rønning & Guldvog (1998)Mild Strokes do not benefit from Rehab BI Score > 50 at time of admission to rehabilitation NS 100 % Patients 50 NS NS NS 0 RU CR

  17. Stroke Rehab Units • Specialized interdisciplinary stroke rehabilitation results in improved functional outcomes and less mortality • Moderate to severe stroke patients make the greatest improvement • Milder strokes can be rehabilitated in community/outpatient setting without negative functional outcomes

  18. Conclusions on Stroke Rehab Units Stroke rehab units associated with: • mortality • combined outcome of death and dependency • institutionalization • length of hospital stay

  19. Conclusions on Stroke Rehab Units Subacute Stroke Rehab Units result in: • 10 day reduction in inpatient stay • 1 in 27 patients treated will not need institutionalization • Increased functional outcomes with decrease in informal care costs In SWOntario there are only 2 designated stroke rehab units with PT or OT:patient ratios <10:1 > 50% not admitted to stroke rehab units!

  20. The Earlier the Better

  21. The Earlier the Better • Brain is “primed” to “recover” early in post-stroke period • Animal studies suggest there is a time window when brain is “primed” for maximal response to rehab therapies, such that delays are detrimental to recovery • Clinical association between early admission to rehab and better outcomes

  22. Benefit of Early Therapy in Animals Methods: • Biernaskie et al. (2004) subjected rats to rehab x 5 weeks beginning at 5, 14 and 30 days post small strokes • Control animals – social housing

  23. Benefit of Early Therapy in Animals Results: • All received 5 weeks of enriched enviornment • Day 5 admission marked improvement • Day 14 moderate improvement • Day 30 no improvement vs. controls • Corresponding cortical reorganization in brain around stroke

  24. Stroke Rehab Should be Started ASAP • Animal studies indicate early rehab is associated with improved recovery; late rehab is not • In clinical studies earlier rehab is associated with better functional outcomes • Time is Recovery!

  25. Conclusions on Early Admission Early Admission results in: • Reduced length of acute care • Improved functional outcomes, which reduces informal care needs • U.S. admits patients earlier, sicker and more disabled and yet do better In Canada waiting lists are common!

  26. More is Better

  27. Use It or Lose It Rehab training (enriched environments with animals) increases cortical representation with subsequent functional recovery In animal studies key factors promoting recovery include increased activity and complex, stimulating environment Lack of rehab decreases cortical representation and delays recovery

  28. Role of Intensity of Therapy • Post-stroke rehab increases motor brain reorganization, while lack of rehab reduces reorganization • More intensive motor training in animals further increases brain reorganization • Clinically, greater intensity of stroke rehab therapies is associated with improved outcomes

  29. Role of Intensity of Therapy • The greater the intensity of therapies - the better the outcomes • Seen to be true for physiotherapy, occupational therapy, aphasia therapy, treadmill training and upper extremity function in selected patients (i.e. CIMT)

  30. Kalra et al. (1994) • RCT of 146 “middle band” strokes to stroke unit (SU) or gen med (GM) unit • Median BI = 4/20 initially in both • Stroke Unit - BI = 15 after 6 wks; discharged at 6 wks • General Medical Unit - BI = 12 after 12 wks; discharged at 20 wks

  31. Kalra et al. 1994

  32. Kalra et al. 1994

  33. Kalra et al. 1994

  34. Kalra et al. (1994) • Both groups received same amount of therapy overall • Stroke Unit therapy more intensive and specialized - “front loading” • Significant differences in cost and outcomes

  35. Sonoda et al. 2004 Methods: • Comparative study conventional stroke rehab 5 days/wk vs. full-time integrated treatment (FIT) program 7 days/wk • Both groups had similar FIM scores on admission Results: • FIT group significantly shorter lengths of stay and discharged with higher avg FIM scores and nearly double the FIM efficiency scores

  36. Intensity of Therapies • Lenze et al. (2004) poor participation in therapy during inpatient rehab was common • Associated with less improvement in FIM scores and longer lengths of stay even when controlling for admission FIM scores

  37. Inactive and Alone In a therapeutic day • >50% time in bed • 28% sitting out of bed • 13% in therapeutic activities • Alone for 60% of the time Contrary to the evidence that increased activity and environmental stimulation is important to neurological recovery (Inactive and alone, Bernhardt et al, Stroke 2004)

  38. Conclusions on Intensity of Therapies • More therapy results in improved outcomes and is cost-effective • Careful attention to actual amount of therapist-patient time and time spent in activation activities • Minimum of 1 hr/day of each therapy • Increasing therapy aids and volunteers • Less time charting, assessing and meeting • More stimulating environments

  39. Conclusions on Intensity of Care • Core Therapies of PT, OT and SLP are most sensitive to intensity • <20% of total hospital budget spent on core therapies • <10% in overall budget = 50% in core therapies • Can do weekend therapy and overall therapy intensity • Reduce LOS and costs by 30%

  40. Task-Specific Therapy Important to Maximizing Brain Recovery

  41. Stroke Rehab Must Be Task-Specific • Functional reorganization of cortex greater for tasks meaningful to animal; repetitive activity not enough • Rehab must be task-specific, focusing on tasks important and meaningful to patient • Compensatory Approaches result in faster recoveries than Remedial Approaches • Trends moving away from Bobath and other NDT forms of treatment because they increase length of stay

  42. Task-Specific Therapy • In U.S. PSROP centers, patients were given challenging tasks which simulated real-life tasks early on • Assessments were kept to bare minimum • Task-specific therapy reduce LOS!

  43. Outpatient Therapy and Community Reintegration

  44. Outpatient Therapy • Outpatient therapy improves short-term functional outcomes • Doesn’t seem to matter if it is hospital or home-based • Timing (later) and intensity (inevitably less) and insensitive outcome measures make detecting benefit difficult

  45. Outpatient Therapy • Outpatient therapy reduces hospital stay and reduces rehospitalization • 8 week course of outpatient PT and OT, 1 hr each 3 days/wk x 8 wks or 2 days/wk x 12 wks costs $2,000 • Estimated savings per patient in reduced inpatient costs is $4,000

  46. Conclusions re Outpatient Therapy • Outpatient therapy reduces costs and is relatively inexpensive • First thing cut with budget pressures • Reduction in CCAC support • U.S. emphasize the importance of outpatient supports • Outreach programs also save $

  47. Community Reintegration “Doctor says you can come home when I am up to it.”

  48. Kalra et al. 2004 RCT of 300 patients and caregivers Formal training of caregivers during patient’s rehab associated with: • Less caregiving burden • Better psychological outcomes in patients and caregivers • Higher quality of life in patients and caregivers • Reduced overall costs of health and social care

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