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Objectives

Objectives. Be able to discuss the generalized functions of the respiratory system. Be able to identify the major organs of the respiratory system and describe the function of each. Be able to describe the major respiratory disorders.

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Objectives

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  1. Objectives • Be able to discuss the generalized functions of the respiratory system. • Be able to identify the major organs of the respiratory system and describe the function of each. • Be able to describe the major respiratory disorders. • Be able to identify structures in the sagittal section of the head and neck.

  2. Functions • Air distributor and gas exchanger – supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide • Filter, warm, and humidify air we breathe • Associated organs: • Influence speech or sound production • Make sense of smell (olfaction) possible

  3. Respiratory Tracts • Upper – nose, pharynx, and larynx • Pharynx-throat • Larynx-voice box (la,la,la) • URI-head cold • Lower – trachea, bronchial tree, lungs • Trachea-windpipe • Infections-pneumonia(inflammation of lungs)

  4. Respiratory Mucosa • Membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the system • Protective mucous blanket (over 125 ml) • Air purification (traps inspired irritants, such as dust, pollen, and bacteria) • Cilia on mucosal cells beat in only one direction, moving mucus upward to pharynx

  5. Nose • External nares – nostrils • Nasal septum – separates nasal cavities • Olfactory nerve endings – smell • Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity • Warms and moistens inhaled air, smell

  6. Lacrimal sacs- collect tears from corner of each eye and drain into nasal cavity • Conchae-three shelf-like structures that increase surface area for warming and humidifying air

  7. Pharynx • About 12.5 cm long (5 inches) • Divided into • Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavities) • Oropharynx (behind mouth) • Laryngopharynx (lowest segment) • Nasal cavities, mouth, esophagus(foodpipe), larynx, and auditory tubes (eustachian) have openings into pharynx

  8. Pharyngeal tonsils and auditory tubes open into nasopharynx • Auditory tube connection permits equalization of air pressure between the middle and exterior ear • Inflammation of the nasopharynx can result in a middle ear infection • Tonsils (mass of lymph tissue) found in oropharynx

  9. Tonsillitis-inflammation of tonsils • Tonsillectomy-removal of pharyngeal and palatine tonsils; now performed only after other options are exhausted

  10. Larynx • Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) • Epiglottis (trap door) partially covers opening into larynx • Vocal cords stretch across interior • Glottis-space between vocal cords • Air distribution (to and from lungs) • Voice production

  11. Upper Respiratory Infections • Rhinitis (coryza) – nasal inflammation, as in a cold, influenza, or allergy • Pharyngitis (sore throat) – inflammation or infection of the pharynx, as in strep throat • Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx resulting from infection or irritation • Croup-acute laryngitis in children under 5 years of age; may cause difficulty in breathing

  12. URT Anatomical Disorders • Deviated septum-septum that is abnormally far from the midsaggital plane (congenital or acquired) • Epistaxis (bloody nose) – can result from mechanical injuries, hypertension, severe inflammation, or even brain injury

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