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Cell Physiology

Cell Physiology. A. Composition of cells 1. Most common atoms of life: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur 2. Water. Cell Physiology. 1. Inorganic materials - non-carbon (chain) containing materials 2. Ions - Cations (+) and Anions (-) a) Cations (examples)

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Cell Physiology

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  1. Cell Physiology • A.Composition of cells • 1.Most common atoms of life: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur • 2.Water

  2. Cell Physiology • 1.Inorganic materials - non-carbon (chain) containing materials • 2.Ions - Cations (+) and Anions (-) • a)Cations (examples) • (1)sodium Na+ • (2)potassium K+ • (3)calcium Ca++ • (4)magnesium Mg++ • b)Anions (examples) • (1)chloride Cl- • (2)sulfate SO4-2 • (3)carbonates CO3-2 • (4)phosphates PO4-3

  3. Cell Physiology • 1.Organic materials • a)Carbohydrates - sugars, starches (polysaccharides)

  4. Cell Physiology • a)Lipids • (1)Fats (Fatty acids and glycerol)

  5. Cell Physiology • a)Lipids • (2)Phospholipids

  6. Cell Physiology • a)Lipids • (3)Steroids

  7. Cell Physiology • a)Lipids • (4)Carotenoids

  8. Cell Physiology • a)Proteins - amino acids, polypeptides

  9. Cell Physiology • a)Nucleic acids - nucleotides • (nitrogen containing bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil; sugar - phosphate links)

  10. Cell Physiology • A.Polarity - separation of charge • 1.Polar substances • Examples: water, alcohols • 2.Non-polar substances • Examples: oils, fats

  11. Cell Physiology • A.Cell size • 1.Upper limit - 100 mcm (Human ovum) • Lower limit - 8 mcm (Prokaryote e.g. bacterium)

  12. Cell Physiology • Composition and function of cell parts

  13. Cell Physiology • 1.Cell membrane • a)Fluid mosaic model • Phospholipid Bi-layer

  14. Cell Physiology • 1.Cell membrane • a)Membrane proteins • (1)Channels • (2)Recognition factors • Receptors

  15. Cell Physiology • 1.Cell membrane • Function - plasma membrane regulates movement in and out of cell

  16. Cell Physiology • 1.Nucleus - control of all cell functions • a)Nuclear membrane • Chromatin

  17. Cell Physiology • 1.Nucleolus • Cluster of rRNA and protein

  18. Cell Physiology • 1.Cytoplasm • a)Endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) • (1)Rough E.R. (RER) • (2)Smooth E.R. (SER) • Function: Transport, Carbohydrate metabolism

  19. Cell Physiology • a)Ribosomes • (1)Function: Protein synthesis • b)Golgi apparatus • Function: Packaging and storage

  20. Cell Physiology • a)Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) • Function: formation of ATP via Citric acid cycle and Oxydative phosphorylation

  21. Cell Physiology • a)Lysosomes • Function: Storage vesicles for degredative enzymes

  22. Cell Physiology • a)Centrioles • Function: Form and manipulate spindle fibers used in cell replication

  23. Cell Physiology • a)Cilium (pl. cilia) • Function: cell motility, creates surface movement on fixed cells

  24. Cell Physiology • a)Flagellum (pl. flagella) • Function: cell motility

  25. Cell Physiology • a)Vacuoles • Function: storage of wastes for later expulsion, storage of water

  26. Cell Physiology • A.Additional terms: • 1.Organelles • Inclusions (e.g. glycogen)

  27. Cell Physiology • 1.Physiological properties of cells • a)Contractility • b)Irritability • c)Conductivity • d)Growth • e)Reproduction/replication • Metabolism

  28. Cell Physiology • 1.Cell replication • a)Duplication of DNA • b)Separation of chromatids • c)Formation of new cell membrane with division of cytoplasm

  29. Cell Physiology • 1.Protein synthesis • DNA (specific sequence of nucleotides) is transcribed into an unmodified form of mRNA. This leaves the nucleus and is modified before it is read at the ribosome. The ribosome which is comprised of protein and rRNA ‘reads’ a “codon” (a three nucleotide sequence) which calls for a specific tRNA carrying a specific amino acid. The ribosome binds the incoming amino acid, reads a new codon, attaches a new amino acid and binds the amino acids together. This process continues until a stop codon is read which terminates the process. The newly formed protein then may be transported for use or packaging at the golgi.

  30. Cell Physiology • a)Amino acids (aa's) - subunits of proteins • b)Other required materials for protein synthesis • (1)Enzymes • (2)Ions (Mg, Ca, etc.) • (3)Energy source (ATP)

  31. Cell Physiology • 1.Regulation of genetic functions • a)Definition of gene • (1)inherited factor that determines a biological trait or characteristic • (2)sequence of nucleotides that: • (a)determines the aa sequence in a protein chain • (b)turns on or off a structural gene • turns on or off an operator gene

  32. Cell Physiology • a)Mechanisms for regulation: • (1)Regulation at gene level (steroids and mRNA production - aldosterone Na+/K+ transport in kidney) • Regulation at enzyme level (allosteric inhibition, cAMP: secondary messenger - induction of Adenyl cyclase / phosphodiesterase model) Guanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase. The model of enzyme regulation and drug interaction.

  33. Cell Physiology • 1.Metabolism • a)Anabolism (building up) • b)Catabolism (breaking down)

  34. Cell Physiology • 1.Energy balance • a)Digestion and absorption  energy releasing • b)Biosynthesis  energy requiring • c)Steps in transfer of energy • (1)Breaking the chemical bonds of food • Making ATP from ADP and Pi (Pi = inorganic phosphate)

  35. Cell Physiology • a)Glycolysis • (1)Conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid uses 2 ATP gains 4 ATP (net 2 ATP per glucose) • Requires no oxygen directly (anaerobic)

  36. Cell Physiology • a)Citric acid cycle (=Krebs cycle, = TCA cycle) • (1)Conversion of pyruvic acid to CO2 net 2 ATP per glucose • Requires oxygen indirectly (aerobic)

  37. Cell Physiology • a)Oxydative phosphorylation • (1)Using energy from Hydrogen (electron carriers) to make ATP (NET 32 ATP PER GLUCOSE) • Requires Oxygen directly as final electron acceptor

  38. Cell Physiology • a)Anaerobic metabolism • conversion of glucose to lactic acid (net 2 ATP per glucose)

  39. Cell Physiology • a)Anaerobic metabolism • conversion of glucose to • lactic acid (net 2 ATP per glucose)

  40. Cell Physiology • 1.Related terms • a)Glycogenesis = build up of glycogen • b)Glycogenolysis = breakdown of glycogen • Gluconeogenesis = formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates (e.g. amino acids, fats)

  41. Tissues

  42. Tissues • A.Epithelial tissue - mainly cells, little interstitial material • 1.Locations • a)Surfaces of body: Skin, gut, G.U. tract

  43. Tissues • 1.Functions: • a)Protection • b)Reception • c)Secretion • d)Excretion • e)Absorption • Reproduction

  44. Tissues • 1.Forms: • a)Simple and Stratified • (1)Squamous • (2)Cuboidal • Columnar

  45. Tissues • A.Connective tissue - few cells, much interstitial material (fibers, matrix) • 1.Locations • surrounding organs, between larger structures, etc.

  46. Tissues • 1.Functions • a)Bind together and support • b)Protection • c)Storage

  47. Tissues • 1.Forms - combinations of cells, matrix and/or fibers • a)Blood and Lymph • b)Connective tissue proper • c)Cartilage • Bone

  48. Tissues • A.Muscular tissue • 1.Locations • a)surrounding and attached to skeleton • within organs

  49. Tissues • 1.Forms: • a)Skeletal • b)Cardiac • Smooth

  50. Tissues • A.Nervous tissue • 1.Locations • a)Central nervous system • Peripheral nervous system

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